| | - cashew
- the characteristically curved, edible seed or nut of the domesticated cashew tree. The tropical and subtropical evergreen shrub or tree is native to the New World, but commercially cultivated mainly ... [7 Related Articles]
- cashew apple
- (from the article "cashew") ...bean, is sometimes more than 2.5 cm (1 inch) long and forms in an unusual way. It appears as though one of its ends had been forcibly sunk into the ...
- cashier's check
- (from the article "check") A cashier's check is issued by a bank against itself and is signed by the cashier or some other bank officer. It has unquestioned acceptability as exchange. A certified check ...
- Cashin, Bonnie
- American fashion designer (b. Sept. 28, 1915, Oakland, Calif.-d. Feb. 3, 2000, New York, N.Y.), was a highly influential innovator who created loose-fitting sportswear and light, layered clothes. She first ...
- cashmere
- animal-hair fibre forming the downy undercoat of the Kashmir goat and belonging to the group of textile fibres called specialty hair fibres. Although the word cashmere is sometimes incorrectly applied ... [2 Related Articles]
- Casimir Effect
- (from the article "Physical Sciences") The Casimir Effect-first postulated in 1948 by Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir-was a theoretical curiosity that had become important in the physics of nanostructures. This strange effect arises from the quantum ...
- Casimir I
- duke of Poland who reannexed the formerly Polish provinces of Silesia, Mazovia, and Pomerania (all now in Poland), which had been lost during his father's reign, and restored the Polish ... [1 Related Articles]
- Casimir II
- duke of Krakow and of Sandomierz from 1177 to 1194. A member of the Piast dynasty, he drove his brother Mieszko III from the throne and spent much of his ...
- Casimir III
- king of Poland from 1333 to 1370, called "the Great" because he was deemed a peaceful ruler, a "peasant king," and a skillful diplomat. Through astute diplomacy he annexed lands ... [7 Related Articles]
- Casimir IV
- grand duke of Lithuania (1440-92) and king of Poland (1447-92), who, by patient but tenacious policy, sought to preserve the political union between Poland and Lithuania and to recover the ... [6 Related Articles]
- Casimir-Perier, Jean
- French politician and wealthy businessman who served brief and undistinguished terms as a premier and as the fifth president of the Third Republic.
- casing
- (from the article "petroleum production") Modern wells are not drilled to their total depth in a continuous process. Drilling may be stopped for logging and testing (discussed below; see Well logging and drill-stem testing), and ...
- casing
- (from the article "sausage") ...used in sausage making includes salt and, depending on the ethnic or regional origin of the recipe, coriander, nutmeg, cloves, garlic, vinegar, mace, pepper, chili peppers, or pistachio nuts. Casings ...
- casing nail
- (from the article "nail") ...finishing nails are used mostly for interior paneling and cabinetwork. A box nail is similar to a common nail but has a slimmer shank and is used on lighter pieces ...
- casino
- card game for two to four players, best played with two. [1 Related Articles]
- casino
- originally, a public hall for music and dancing; by the second half of the 19th century, a collection of gaming or gambling rooms. [12 Related Articles]
- Casino of Pius IV
- (from the article "Ligorio, Pirro") ...Built for Ligorio's patron, Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, the villa has a planted landscape and a vast terraced garden with spectacular fountains leading up to the huge house. Ligorio also built ...
- Casino, Place du
- (from the article "Monaco") ...attraction, it now draws summer visitors as well to its beaches and expanded mooring facilities. Business conferences are especially important. The social life of Monte-Carlo revolves around the Place du ...
- Casio CZ-101
- (from the article "electronic instrument") ...their FM technology to a line of instruments ranging from portable, toylike keyboards to rack-mounted modules for studio and experimental use. Another important early digital synthesizer was the Casio CZ-101, ...
- Casiquiare
- navigable waterway in southern Venezuela. It branches off from the Orinoco River downstream from La Esmeralda and meanders generally southwestward for approximately 140 miles (225 km), joining the Guainia River ... [5 Related Articles]
- Casket Letters
- the eight letters and a series of irregular sonnets asserted by James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, to have been found by his servants in a silver casket in the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Caslavska, Vera
- Czech gymnast, who won a total of 35 medals, including 22 gold medals, at the Olympic Games and at world and European championships in the 1950s and '60s. [3 Related Articles]
- Caslon
- (from the article "Caslon, William") ...and a New Testament. Two years later he cut excellent roman, italic, and Hebrew typefaces for the printer William Bowyer; the roman typeface, which was first used in 1726, later ...
- Caslon, William
- English typefounder who, between 1720 and 1726, designed the typeface that bears his name. His work helped to modernize the book, making it a separate creation rather than a printed ... [1 Related Articles]
- Caso y Andrade, Alfonso
- Mexican archaeologist and government official who explored the early Oaxacan cultures and is best remembered for his excavation of Tomb Seven at Monte Alban, the earliest-known North American necropolis.
- Casparian strip
- (from the article "cortex") ...usually in woody stems, the innermost layer of cortical cells is differentiated into a cell layer called the endodermis. The cell walls of the endodermis possess a woody and corky ...
- Caspe, Compromise of
- (from the article "Ferdinand I") ...In 1410 Ferdinand captured the Granadine fortress of Antequera, a feat that ensured his election to the throne of Aragon, vacant with the death of King Martin in 1412. Ferdinand ...
- Casper
- city, seat (1890) of Natrona county, east-central Wyoming, U.S., on the North Platte River. It originated around Fort Caspar at the site of a pioneer crossing on the Oregon Trail ... [1 Related Articles]
- Caspersson, Torbjorn Oskar
- Swedish cytologist and geneticist who initiated the use of the ultraviolet microscope to determine the nucleic acid content of cellular structures such as the nucleus and nucleolus.
- Caspi, Joseph
- (from the article "Judaism") Joseph Caspi (1297-1340), a prolific philosopher and exegetical commentator, maintained a somewhat unsystematic philosophical position that seems to have been influenced by Averroes. He expressed the opinion that knowledge of ...
- Caspian Depression
- flat lowland, Kazakhstan and Russia, much of it below sea level at the north end of the Caspian Sea. It is one of the largest such areas in Central Asia, ... [3 Related Articles]
- Caspian Gates
- (from the article "Iran, ancient") ...sufficiently to have taken up once again its expansionist activities. It attacked Media, succeeded in the conquest of the Mardi tribe near the Caspian Sea, and set up a defense ...
- Caspian Sea
- world's largest inland body of water, lying to the east of the Caucasus Mountains and to the west of the vast steppe of Central Asia. Its name derives from the ... [9 Related Articles]
- Caspian shad
- (from the article "clupeiform") ...even within a species; some races of the herring, for example, spend their entire lives in more or less limited areas; others undertake some of the longest known migrations. Some ...
- Caspian tiger
- (from the article "tiger") ...The Siberian and Sumatran subspecies number less than 500 each, and the Indo-Chinese population is estimated at about 1,500. Three subspecies have gone extinct within the past century: the Caspian ...
- Cass, Lewis
- U.S. Army officer and public official who was active in Democratic politics in the mid-19th century. He was defeated for the presidency in 1848. [1 Related Articles]
- Cass, Mary Margaret
- American character actress whose most memorable role was that of the unwed pregnant secretary Agnes Gooch in both the Broadway version of Auntie Mame (1956), for which ...
- cassabanana
- perennial vine of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae), native to the New World tropics and cultivated as an ornamental plant and for its sweet-smelling, edible fruit. The cassabanana vine is fleshy ...
- Cassagnac, Paul de
- (from the article "Flourens, Gustave") Flourens soon returned to France and to political activism. He collaborated on an influential left-wing journal, La Marseillaise; fought a duel with Paul de Cassagnac, a right-wing journalist; and led ...
- Cassander
- son of the Macedonian regent Antipater and king of Macedonia from 305 to 297. [8 Related Articles]
- Cassander, George
- (from the article "Christianity") Once the separation between the Roman Catholic and new Protestant churches was complete, people on both sides tried to restore unity. Roman Catholics such as Georg Witzel and George Cassander ...
- Cassandra
- in Greek mythology, the daughter of Priam, the last king of Troy, and his wife Hecuba. In Homer's Iliad, she is the most beautiful of Priam's daughters, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Cassandre
- graphic artist, stage designer, and painter whose poster designs greatly influenced advertising art in the first half of the 20th century. [1 Related Articles]
- Cassar, Gerolamo
- (from the article "Valletta") ...St. John's Co-Cathedral, which was formerly the conventual church of the Hospitaler order and is now equal in rank with the archbishop's cathedral at Mdina. It was designed by the ...
- cassation
- in music, 18th-century genre for orchestra or small ensemble that was written in several short movements. It was akin to the 18th-century serenade and divertimento and, like these, was often ... [1 Related Articles]
- Cassatt, Mary
- American painter and printmaker who exhibited with the Impressionists. [3 Related Articles]
- cassava
- (Manihot esculenta), tuberous edible plant of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) from the American tropics. It is cultivated throughout the tropical world for its tuberous roots, from which cassava flour, breads, ... [12 Related Articles]
- Cassavetes, John
- American film director and actor who was regarded as a pioneer of American cinema verite.
- Cassegrain reflector
- in astronomical telescopy, an arrangement of mirrors to focus incoming light at a point close to the main light-gathering mirror. The design was proposed in 1672 by French priest Laurent ... [2 Related Articles]
- Cassel porcelain
- porcelain produced by a factory at Kassel, Hesse, under the patronage of the Landgrave of Hesse. The factory fired hard-paste porcelain in 1766, though complete tea or coffee services were ...
- Cassel, Battle of
- (from the article "France") Philip's reign began well. Within months he crushed a revolt of the Flemish cloth towns that concluded at the Battle of Cassel in August 1328, thereby recovering the effective suzerainty ...
- Cassel, Gustav
- Swedish economist who gained international prominence through his work on world monetary problems at the Brussels Conference in 1920 and on the League of Nations Finance Committee in 1921.
- Cassel, Jean-Pierre
- French motion-picture actor and comedian. [2 Related Articles]
- Cassell, John
- (from the article "publishing, history of") ...(1833-58); the Chambers brothers, William and Robert, with Chambers's (Edinburgh) Journal (1832-1956), which reached a circulation of 90,000 in 1845; and teetotaler John Cassell, with his Working Man's Friend and ...
- Cassella Farbewerke Mainkur Aktiengesellschaft
- (German: Cassella Dyeworks Mainkur Limited-liability Company), German chemical corporation founded in 1789 by Leopold Cassella (1766-1847) in Frankfurt and today a subsidiary of Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft (q.v.). [2 Related Articles]
- cassette
- in audio and video recording, flat, rectangular container made of plastic or lightweight metal that holds magnetic tape for audio or video recording and replay. A tape cassette is designed ... [2 Related Articles]
- Cassia
- (from the article "desert") ...the driest deserts and in many regions in which they have been virtually eliminated through human action. These desert species commonly belong to the bean family (such genera as Acacia ...
- cassia
- spice consisting of the aromatic bark of the Cinnamomum cassia plant of the family Lauraceae. Similar to true cinnamon, cassia bark has a more pungent, less delicate flavour and is ...
- Cassia hebecarpa
- (from the article "senna") In the eastern United States, wild sennas (C. hebecarpa and C. marilandica) grow up to 1.25 m (4 feet) high and have showy spikes of yellow flowers. Coffee senna, or ...
- Cassia marilandica
- (from the article "senna") In the eastern United States, wild sennas (C. hebecarpa and C. marilandica) grow up to 1.25 m (4 feet) high and have showy spikes of yellow flowers. Coffee senna, or ...
- Cassia sieberana
- (from the article "senna") Alexandrian senna (C. acutifolia), from Egypt, The Sudan, and Nigeria, and C. sieberana, from Senegal to Uganda, are cultivated in India for their cathartic properties. Tanner's senna (C. auriculata), a ...
- Cassian law
- (from the article "ancient Rome") ...sought to expand their freedom. Voting in electoral and judicial assemblies had been public, allowing powerful senators more easily to manage the votes of their clients. The Gabinian law (139) ...
- Cassian, Saint John
- ascetic, monk, theologian, and founder and first abbot of the famous abbey of Saint-Victor at Marseille. His writings, which have influenced all Western monasticism, themselves reflect much of the teaching ... [6 Related Articles]
- Cassiar Mountains
- (from the article "North America") ...fault feature forming the headwaters of the Columbia, Fraser, Peace, and Yukon rivers, (3) the interior uplands and old fold mountains from the Selkirk and Okanogan ranges in the south ...
- Cassidy, Butch
- American outlaw and foremost member of the Wild Bunch (q.v.), a collection of bank and train robbers who ranged through the western United States in the 1880s and '90s. [3 Related Articles]
- Cassidy, Frederic Gomes
- Jamaican-born American lexicographer (b. Oct. 10, 1907, Kingston, Jam.-d. June 14, 2000, Madison, Wis.), was a leading authority on American folk language; he edited the comprehensive Dictionary of American Regional ...
- Cassidy, Hopalong
- (from the article "Boyd, William") American motion-picture and television actor who was best known for his portrayal of Hopalong Cassidy in a series of western films.
- Cassilly, Richard
- American Wagnerian opera singer whose physical presence and mastery of heldentenor roles delighted audiences for some 30 years (b. Dec. 14, 1927, Washington, D.C.--d. Jan. 30, 1998, Boston, Mass.).
- Cassin's auklet
- (from the article "auklet") The smallest member of the family is the least auklet (Aethia pusilla), about 15 cm (6 inches) long. It winters far north in rough waters. The plainest and grayest species ...
- Cassin's weaver
- (from the article "weaver") ...Africa often reaches a height of 10 feet (3 m); the nest is usually situated in a large acacia tree and may contain more than 100 separate nest chambers, with ...
- Cassin, Rene
- French jurist and president of the European Court of Human Rights. He won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1968 for his involvement in the drafting of the Universal Declaration ... [2 Related Articles]
- Cassina, Igor
- (from the article "Gymnastics") ...hometown favourite Dimosthenis Tampakos of Greece won the rings title; Spain's Gervasio Deferr repeated his 2000 Olympic triumph on vault; and Valery Goncharov of Ukraine won parallel bars. Italy's Igor ...
- Cassinese Congregation
- (from the article "Benedictine") ...Further, ruling authority was concentrated in the annual general chapter or legislative meeting. This radical reform spread within a century to all the Benedictines of Italy and became known as ...
- Cassini
- (from the article "Physical Sciences") In orbit around Saturn, the Cassini spacecraft continued its study of the planet and its satellites. Cassini's visual and infrared mapping spectrometer provided the first complete image of a cloud ...
- Cassini de Thury, Cesar-Francois
- French astronomer and geodesist, who continued surveying work undertaken by his father, Jacques Cassini, and began construction of a great topographical map of France. [1 Related Articles]
- Cassini's division
- (from the article "Cassini, Gian Domenico") Italian-born French astronomer who, among others, discovered Cassini's division, the dark gap between the rings A and B of Saturn; he also discovered four of Saturn's moons. In addition, he ...
- Cassini's laws
- three empirical rules that accurately describe the rotation of the Moon, formulated in 1693 by Gian Domenico Cassini. They are: (1) the Moon rotates uniformly about its own axis once ...
- Cassini, Dominique, comte de
- French geodesist and astronomer, who completed his father's map of France, which was later used as the basis for the Atlas National (1791). The son of Cesar-Francois Cassini de Thury, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Cassini, Gian Domenico
- Italian-born French astronomer who, among others, discovered Cassini's division, the dark gap between the rings A and B of Saturn; he also discovered four of Saturn's moons. In addition, he ... [13 Related Articles]
- Cassini, Jacques
- French astronomer who compiled the first tables of the orbital motions of Saturn's satellites. [2 Related Articles]
- Cassini, Oleg
- French-born American fashion designer (b. April 11, 1913, Paris, France-d. March 17, 2006, Long Island, N.Y.), achieved fame as a celebrity couturier. Cassini's 70-year career was the longest of any ...
- Cassini-Huygens
- (from the article "Saturn") ...11 in 1979, Voyagers 1 and 2 in the two years following, and, after an almost quarter-century hiatus, Cassini-Huygens beginning in 2004. The first three missions were short-term flybys, but ...
- Cassinian curve
- (from the article "Cassini, Gian Domenico") ...of Nicolaus Copernicus within limits, but he rejected the theory of Johannes Kepler that planets travel in ellipses and proposed that their paths were certain curved ovals, which came to ...
- Cassino
- town, Lazio (Latium) regione, central Italy. Cassino lies along the Rapido River at the foot of Monte (mount) Cassino, 87 miles (140 km) southeast of Rome. It originated as Casinum, ...
- Cassio
- (from the article "Othello") The play is set in motion when Othello, a heroic black general in the service of Venice, appoints Cassio and not Iago as his chief lieutenant. Jealous of Othello's success ...
- Cassio, Baron Severino
- (from the article "Cavour, Camillo Benso, conte di (count of)") ...Benjamin Franklin and Santorre di Santarosa, the famous ill-fated leader of the 1821 revolution in Piedmont, who was also a distant relative. A close friendship with a cadet three years ...
- Cassiodorus
- historian, statesman, and monk who helped to save the culture of Rome at a time of impending barbarism. [11 Related Articles]
- Cassiope
- (from the article "Andromeda") in Greek mythology, beautiful daughter of King Cepheus and Queen Cassiope of Joppa in Palestine (called Ethiopia) and wife of Perseus. Cassiope offended the Nereids by boasting that Andromeda was ...
- Cassiopea
- genus of marine jellyfish constituting the order Rhizostomeae (class Scyphozoa, phylum Cnidaria) and found in tropical waters. Members of the genus measure more than 100 mm (4 inches) in diameter. ... [1 Related Articles]
- Cassiopeia
- in astronomy, a constellation of the northern sky, easily recognized by a group of five bright stars forming a slightly irregular W. It lies at one hour right ascension (the ...
- Cassiopeia A
- strongest source of radio emission in the sky beyond the solar system, located in the direction of the constellation Cassiopeia about 9,000 light-years from Earth. Cassiopeia A, abbreviated Cas A, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Cassiopeia-Taurus Group
- (from the article "Milky Way Galaxy") ...in fact appears to be in a somewhat lower density region than the immediate surroundings, where early B stars are relatively scarce. There is a conspicuous grouping of stars, sometimes ...
- Cassirer, Ernst
- German-Jewish philosopher, educator, and prolific writer, remembered for his interpretation and analysis of cultural values. [5 Related Articles]
- cassiterite
- heavy, metallic, hard tin dioxide (SnO2) that is the major ore of tin. It is colourless when pure, but brown or black when iron impurities are present. Commercially important quantities ... [4 Related Articles]
- Cassius
- (from the article "Julius Caesar") ...(via a French version) of Plutarch's Bioi paralleloi (Parallel Lives), the drama takes place in 44 BC, after Caesar has returned to Rome. Fearing Caesar's ambition, Cassius forms a conspiracy ...
- Cassius Dionysius
- ancient North African writer on botany and medicinal substances, best known for his Greek translation of the great 28-volume treatise on agriculture by the Carthaginian Mago (Columella, called Mago; sometimes ...
- Cassius Longinus, Gaius
- prominent Roman jurist, a pupil of the famous jurist Massurius Sabinus, with whom he founded a legal school.
- Cassius Longinus, Gaius
- prime mover in the conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar in 44 BC. [8 Related Articles]
- Cassius Longinus, Quintus
- Roman official whose tyrannical government of Spain greatly injured Julius Caesar's cause in Spain during the civil war (49-45) between Caesar and the Optimates. He was either a brother or ...
- Cassius Vecellinus, Spurius
- Roman consul who, by bringing peace to the area around Rome, contributed to the growth of the city in an early phase of its development.
- Cassius, Andreas
- (from the article "ruby glass") ...from gold chloride. Originally known in the ancient world, its rediscovery was long sought by European alchemists and glassmakers, who believed it had curative properties. A Hamburg physician, Andreas Cassius, ...
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