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Ch'ang O ... chacma
Ch'ang O
the Chinese moon goddess whose loveliness is celebrated in poems and novels. She sought refuge in the moon when her consort, Hou I (the Lord Archer), discovered she had stolen ...
Ch'ang-an
ancient site, China. Formerly the capital of the Han, Sui, and T'ang dynasties, it is located near the modern city of Sian (q.v.).
Ch'ang-ch'un
Taoist monk and alchemist who journeyed from China across the heartland of Asia to visit Genghis Khan, the famed Mongol conqueror, at his encampment north of the Hindu Kush mountains. ...
Ch'ang-ch'un
city and provincial capital of Kirin Province (sheng), China.
Ch'ang-chih
city in southeast Shansi Province (sheng), China. It is situated in the Lu-an plain-a basin surrounded by the western highlands of the T'ai-hang Shan (mountains), watered by the Cho-chang-pei Yuan ...
Ch'ang-chou
city in southern Kiangsu Province (sheng), China. It was a part of the commandery (a district under the control of a commander) of K'uai-chi under the Ch'in (221-206 BC) ...
Ch'ang-pai Mountains
mountain range forming the border between the Chinese provinces of Liaoning and Kirin and North Korea. The name in Chinese means the "forever white mountains"; the Korean name means "white-topped ...
Ch'ang-sha
city and capital of Hunan sheng (province), China. Ch'ang-sha is on the Hsiang River 30 miles (50 km) south of Tung-t'ing Lake and has excellent water communications to southern ...
Ch'ang-shu
city in southern Kiangsu sheng (province), China. Situated in the coastal plain some 22 miles (35 km) north of Su-chou, it first became an independent county in AD 540 under ...
Ch'ang-te
city in northern Hunan sheng (province), China. Situated on the north bank of the Yuan River above its junction with the Tung-t'ing Lake system, Ch'ang-te is a natural centre of ...
Ch'ang-tu
mountainous area in the far eastern part of Tibet, China, bordering on the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh and on Myanmar (Burma) to the south and on the Chinese provinces ...
Ch'ao-chou
city in eastern Kwangtung sheng (province), China. It is at the head of the delta of the Han River, some 26 miles (42 km) north of Swatow.
Ch'en Chiung-ming
Chinese military leader whose support allowed Sun Yat-sen to establish in Canton (1920) the revolutionary government that later spawned both the Chinese Nationalist and the Chinese Communist movements.
Ch'eng Hao and Ch'eng I
brothers who developed Neo-Confucianism into an organized school of philosophy. Although their philosophies are usually considered together, their ideas developed in divergent directions. Ch'eng Hao influenced the Idealist school of ...
Ch'eng Huang
(Chinese: "Wall and Moat"), in Chinese mythology, the spiritual magistrate and guardian deity of Chinese cities. Because dead spirits reputedly informed the god of all good and evil deeds within ...
Ch'eng-te
city in northern Hopeh sheng (province), China. The city is situated in the mountains separating the North China Plain from the plateaus of Inner Mongolia, approximately 110 miles (180 ...
Ch'eng-tu
city in central Szechwan sheng (province), China. Ch'engtu is the provincial capital. It is situated in the fertile Ch'eng-tu plain, the site of one of China's most ancient and ...
Ch'i
one of the largest and most powerful of the many small states into which China was divided between about 771 and 221 BC.
ch'i
in Chinese philosophy, the ethereal substance of which everything is composed. Early Taoist philosophers and alchemists regarded ch'i as a vital force inhering in the breath and bodily fluids and ...
Ch'i-chia culture
the only Neolithic culture to be uncovered in China that shows North Eurasian influence. Although most archaeologists date the Ch'i-chia in the Late Neolithic Period, it survived into historic times, ...
Ch'i-lien Mountains
rugged mountain range on the border of Tsinghai and Kansu provinces, west central China. It forms part of the Nan Shan, the eastern outlier of the Kunlun Mountains. Heavily glaciated ...
ch'i-lin
in Chinese mythology, the unicorn whose rare appearance often coincides with the imminent birth or death of a sage or illustrious ruler. (The name is a combination of the two ...
Ch'i-ying
Chinese official who negotiated the Treaty of Nanking, which ended the first Opium War (1839-42), fought by the British in China to gain trade concessions there.
Ch'iang-t'ang
enormous alpine basin in the northern part of the Tibetan autonomous ch'u (region), China. With an average elevation of more than 16,500 feet (5,000 m) above sea level, it lies ...
Ch'ien-lung
fourth emperor of the Ch'ing (Manchu) dynasty, whose reign (1735-96) was one of the longest in Chinese history. He conducted a series of military campaigns that eliminated the Turk and ...
Ch'ih-feng
town, southeastern Inner Mongolia autonomous ch'u (region), China. It lies on the upper reaches of the Ying-chin River, a western tributary of the Liao-ha River. The name, meaning "red mountain," ...
ch'in
. The body is often lacquered and is inlaid with 13 small disks that indicate pitch positions, primarily on the upper melodic string. The silk strings are stretched over a ...
Ch'in Dynasty
(221-206 BC), dynasty that established the first great Chinese empire. The Ch'in, from which the name China is derived, established the approximate boundaries and basic administrative system that all subsequent ...
Ch'in Kuei
minister of the Sung dynasty (960-1279) who led a peace party that opposed continued prosecution of a war to regain former Chinese territory in the North. He is remembered as ...
Ch'in River
river rising in the T'ai-yueh Shan (mountains) of Shansi sheng (province), China. It flows south through the plateau past Ch'in-yuan and near Yang-ch'eng, through the southwest spur of the T'ai-hang ...
Ch'in tomb
major Chinese archaeological site near the ancient capital city of Ch'ang-an, Shensi sheng (province), China, now near the modern city of Sian (Xian). It is the burial place of the ...
Ch'in-huang-tao
seaport city lying in the east of Hopeh sheng (province), China, on the Liao-tung Gulf. Ch'in-huang-tao is situated at the eastern extremity of the Hopeh Plain before the plain's narrowing ...
Ch'in-tsung
last emperor (reigned 1125/26-1127) of the Northern Sung dynasty.
Ch'ing Dynasty
(1644-1911/12), the last of the Imperial dynasties of China. Under the Ch'ing the territory of the empire grew to treble its size under the Ming dynasty, the population grew from ...
Ch'ing-chiang
city in northern Kiangsi sheng (province), China. It lies along the Kan River, some 47 miles (75 km) southwest of Nan-ch'ang. Ch'ing-chiang is situated on the rail route from Nan-ch'ang ...
Ch'ing-chiang
(city, China): see Huai-yin.
Ch'ing-liu tang
group of conservative Chinese officials who advocated a return to traditional Confucian moral principles in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement was a reaction against the increasing ...
Ch'ing-tsang Plateau
see Tibet, Plateau of.
Ch'iung-shan
town in Hainan sheng (province), China. It is situated some 3 miles (5 km) south of Hai-k'ou on the northern coast of Hainan Island. A county town was first ...
Ch'nan
city, South Ch'ungch'ong do (province), western South Korea, south of Seoul. A transportation junction since ancient times, it is known by a famous folk song, "Ch'onan-Samgori" (Samgori ...
Ch'oe Che-u
founder of the Tonghak sect, a religion amalgamated of Buddhist, Taoist, Confucian, and even some Roman Catholic elements with an apocalyptic flavour and a hostility to Western culture, which was ...
Ch'oe Kyong
also called Kunjae (Korean: "Prudent Study") one of the most famous Korean painters of the early Yi dynasty (1392-1910). Ch'oe was also one of the first court painters of the ...
Ch'oe Si-hyong
second leader of the Korean apocalyptic antiforeign Tonghak (Ch'ondogyo) religion, who helped organize the underground network that spread the sect after the 1864 execution of its founder, Ch'oe Che-u, for ...
Ch'ondogyo
("Eastern Learning"), indigenous Korean religion that combines elements of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, shamanism, and Roman Catholicism. There is no concept of eternal reward in Ch'ondogyo, because its vision is limited ...
Ch'ongch'on River
river, central North Korea. It rises in the Chogyu Mountains about 75 miles (120 km) northwest of the city of Hamhung. The Ch'ongch'on flows generally southwest for about 125 miles ...
Ch'ongjin
city, northeastern North Korea. The city is situated along Kyongsong Bay, facing the Sea of Japan. Before it became an open port in 1908, Ch'ongjin was a small fishing village. ...
Ch'ongju
city, Ch'ungch'ong-puk do (province), central South Korea. An old inland rural city, it is now the political and economic centre of the province. After the city was connected to Seoul ...
Ch'u
one of the most important of the small states contending for power in China between 770 and 221 BC, and one of the primary shapers of the state system that ...
Ch'u-chou
city in western Chekiang sheng (province), China. Ch'u-chou has been a natural transportation centre since ancient times, being situated on the upper stream of the Ch'ien-t'ang River-there known as the ...
Ch'u-fu
town, Shantung sheng (province), eastern China. It lies 70 miles (110 km) south of Chi-nan. In ancient times Ch'u-fu was the capital of the small independent state of Lu, ...
ch'uan-ch'i
a form of traditional Chinese operatic drama that developed from the nan-hsi (nanxi) in the late 14th century. Ch'uan-ch'i alternated with the tsa-chu (zaju) as the major form of Chinese ...
Ch'uan-chou
port and city, eastern coastal Fukien sheng (province), China. Ch'uan-chou is situated on the north bank of the Hsi River at the head of Chin River, facing the Taiwan Strait.
Ch'unch'on
city and provincial capital, Kangwon do (province), northern South Korea. It is in the basin formed by the confluence of the North Han and the Soyang rivers. During the Korean ...
Ch'ung-chen
16th and last emperor of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644).
Ch'ung-ming Island
large island in the mouth of the Yangtze River, Shanghai shih (municipality), China.
Ch'ungch'ong, North
do (province), central South Korea. The only province of South Korea with no seacoast, it is bordered by the provinces of Kangwon (north), North Kyongsang (east), North ...
Ch'ungch'ong, South
do (province), west-central South Korea. Facing the Yellow Sea to the west, it is bounded on the north by Kyonggi province, on the east by North Ch'ungch'ong ...
Ch'ungju
city, North Ch'ungch'ong do (province), central South Korea. Connected with Seoul by water transport on the Han River, it was the administrative and economic centre of the ...
Ch'usok
Korean holiday celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month to commemorate the fall harvest and to honour one's ancestors. Similar to Thanksgiving Day in the United States, ...
cha-shitsu
small Japanese garden pavilion or room within a house, specifically designed for the tea ceremony. Ideally, the cha-shitsu, or tea house, is separated from the house and ...
Chaadayev, Pyotr Yakovlevich
intellectual and writer whose ideas of Russian history precipitated the controversy between the opposing intellectual camps of Slavophiles and Westernizers.
Chaban-Delmas, Jacques
French politician, president of the National Assembly, and premier.
chabazite
common hydrated sodium and calcium aluminosilicate mineral, (Ca,Na2)Al2Si4O12·6H2O, in the zeolite family. Its brittle, glassy, white or flesh-red, rhombohedral crystals often are found in cavities in basalt or andesite, as ...
Chablis
classic white wine of France, made from chardonnay grapes grown in strictly delimited areas surrounding the village of Chablis and along the Serein River in the district of Yonne in ...
Chabot, Philippe de, Seigneur De Brion
grand admiral of France under Francis I, whose favour raised him from the petty nobility of Poitou to glory and the vicissitudes of power. As well as the seigniory of ...
Chabrias
mercenary who fought with distinction for the Athenians against various enemies and for the kings of Cyprus and Egypt.
Chabrier, Emmanuel
French composer whose best works reflect the verve and wit of the Paris scene of the 1880s and who was a musical counterpart of the early Impressionist painters.
Chabrol, Claude
motion-picture director, scenarist, and producer who was France's master of the mystery thriller.
Chac
Mayan god of rain, especially important in the Yucatan region of Mexico where he was depicted in Classic times with protruding fangs, large round eyes, and a proboscis-like nose.
Chacabuco, Battle of
(Feb. 12, 1817), in the Latin-American wars of independence, a victory won by South American patriots over Spanish royalists near Santiago, Chile. It began the expulsion of the Spaniards from ...
Chacao
city, northwestern Miranda state, northern Venezuela. The city, in a valley in the central highlands, was formerly a commercial centre in an agricultural area producing coffee, corn (maize), sugarcane, and ...
Chacel, Rosa
leading mid-20th-century Spanish woman novelist and an accomplished essayist and poet who, as a member of the Generation of 1927, balanced her dense narrative style with surrealist imagery and psychological ...
chachalaca
any of several small birds of the curassow family. See curassow.
Chachapoyas
capital of Amazonas departamento, located in northern Peru. It lies at 7,657 feet (2,334 m) above sea level in the cool Utcubamba River valley. A site of ancient settlement, it ...
Chachoengsao
town, south-central Thailand, about 25 miles (40 km) east of Bangkok. It is a port on the Bang Pakong River. On the railway between Bangkok and the Cambodian border, Chachoengsao ...
chacma
species of baboon (q.v.).

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