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carbon-14 dating: method of age determination that depends upon the decay to nitrogen of radiocarbon (carbon-14). Carbon-14 is continually formed in nature by the interaction of neutrons with nitrogen-14 in the Earth's ... [11 Related Articles]
carbon-arc lamp: (from the article "incandescent lamp") The carbon-arc lamp, a very bright electric lamp used for spotlights and in motion-picture projection, consists of two carbon electrodes with a high-current arc passing between them. The light comes ...
carbon-carbon composite material: (from the article "materials science") Carbon-carbon composites are closely related to CMCs but differ in the methods by which they are produced. Carbon-carbon composites consist of semicrystalline carbon fibres embedded in a matrix of amorphous ...
carbon-carbon double chain: (from the article "industrial polymers, major") ...monomer) and the latter as EPDM (ethylene-propylene-diene monomer). The copolymers contain approximately 60 percent by weight ethylene. A pronounced advantage of EPDM is that the residual carbon-carbon double bond (i.e., ...
carbon-chain polymer: (from the article "plastic") Plastics also can be divided into two distinct categories on the basis of their chemical composition. One category is plastics that are made up of polymers having only aliphatic (linear) ...
carbon-filament bulb: (from the article "building construction") ...for the Foreland Lighthouse in 1858. But the carbon-arc lamp was so bright and required so much power that it was never widely used and was rapidly superseded by the ...
carbonaceous chondrite: a diverse class of chondrites (one of the two divisions of stony meteorites), important because of the insights they provide into the early history of the solar system. They comprise ... [2 Related Articles]
carbonado: (from the article "carbonado") one of the varieties of industrial diamond (q.v.).industrial diamondsindustrial diamondCarbonado, known in
Carbonaria: (from the article "Portugal") ...1908, Charles and his heir, Louis Philip, were assassinated in an open carriage in the streets of Lisbon. Whether the regicides were isolated fanatics or agents of a hidden organization ...
Carbonaro: (Italian dialect: Charcoal Burner), in early 19th-century Italy, member of a secret society (the Carbonaria) advocating liberal and patriotic ideas. The group provided the main source of opposition to the ... [3 Related Articles]
carbonatation: (from the article "sugar") Higher grades of plantation white are produced by a carbonatation purification process, in which carbon dioxide gas (scrubbed flue gas) is injected into juice and reacted with lime to form ...
carbonate: any member of two classes of chemical compounds derived from carbonic acid or carbon dioxide (q.v.). The inorganic carbonates are salts of carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), containing the carbonate ion, CO23^-, ... [8 Related Articles]
carbonate mineral: any member of a family of minerals that contain the carbonate ion, CO₃^2-, as the basic structural and compositional unit. The carbonates are among the most widely distributed minerals in ... [5 Related Articles]
carbonate rock: any rock composed mainly of carbonate minerals. The principal members of the group are the sedimentary rocks dolomite and limestone (qq.v.). [5 Related Articles]
carbonate sedimentology: (from the article "geology") There are two main branches of sedimentary petrology. One branch deals with carbonate rocks, namely limestones and dolomites, composed principally of calcium carbonate (calcite) and calcium magnesium carbonate (dolomite). Much ...
carbonate-apatite: (from the article "carbonate-apatite") rare phosphate mineral belonging to the apatite series. See apatite.TABLEphysical properties of phosphate mineralsPhosphate minerals
carbonated beverage: (from the article "soft drink") Carbonated beverages and waters were developed from European attempts in the 17th century to imitate the popular and naturally effervescent waters of famous springs, with primary interest in their reputed ...
carbonation: (from the article "soft drink") Carbon dioxide gas gives the beverage its sparkle and tangy taste and prevents spoilage. While it has not been conclusively proved that carbonation offers a direct medical benefit, carbonated beverages ...
carbonatite: (from the article "mineral deposit") Carbonatites are igneous rocks that consist largely of the carbonate minerals calcite and dolomite; they sometimes also contain the rare-earth ore minerals bastnaesite, parisite, and monazite, the niobium ore mineral ...
Carbondale: city, Lackawanna county, northeastern Pennsylvania, U.S., on the Lackawanna River. Located in a mountain resort region, it is 16 miles (26 km) northeast of the city of Scranton.
Carbondale: city, Jackson county, southern Illinois, U.S. It is situated at the northern edge of the Illinois Ozarks, about 100 miles (160 km) southeast of St. Louis, Missouri. Founded in 1852 ...
Carboneras Beach: (from the article "Almeria") ...activities include metalworking, canning and salting of fish, refining of oil and sulfur, and manufacture of chemicals. There is a major cement complex (including quarry, plant, and port) at Carboneras ...
carbonic acid: (from the article "Names of less common acids") Carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) is formed in small amounts when its anhydride, carbon dioxide (CO₂), dissolves in water.CO₂ + H₂O &rlhar2; H₂CO₃ The predominant species are simply loosely hydrated CO₂ molecules. ...
carbonic anhydrase: enzyme found in red blood cells, gastric mucosa, pancreatic cells, and renal tubules that catalyzes the interconversion of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and carbonic acid (H₂CO₃). Carbonic anhydrase plays an important ... [5 Related Articles]
Carboniferous Period: fifth interval of the Paleozoic Era, succeeding the Devonian Period and preceding the Permian Period. In terms of absolute time, the Carboniferous Period began approximately 359.2 million years ago and ... [12 Related Articles]
carbonium ion: any member of a class of organic molecules with positive charges localized at a carbon atom. Certain carbonium ions can be prepared in such a way that they are stable ... [2 Related Articles]
carbonization: (from the article "chemical industry") ...made up of six carbon (C) atoms and six hydrogen (H) atoms and has the chemical formula C₆H₆. Benzene has long been an industrial chemical. Initially it was obtained from ...
carbonyl compound: (from the article "coordination compound") Following the discovery of the first metal carbonyl complex, tetracarbonylnickel, Ni(CO)₄, in 1890, many compounds containing carbon monoxide coordinated to transition metals have been prepared and characterized. For reasons already ...
carbonyl group: in organic chemistry, a divalent chemical unit consisting of a carbon (C) and an oxygen (O) atom connected by a double bond. The group is a constituent of carboxylic acids, ... [4 Related Articles]
carborane: any member of a class of organometallic compounds containing carbon (C), boron (B), and hydrogen (H). The general formula of carboranes is represented by C₂B_nH_{n + 2}, in which n ...
Carborundum Company, The: (from the article "Acheson, Edward Goodrich") ...F), leaving behind graphitic carbon. He was granted a patent for this process in 1896. In all, he received 69 patents and organized several firms to commercialize his inventions, including ...
carbothermic smelting: (from the article "aluminum processing") ...reaction of metallic sodium with aluminum chloride, was the basis of aluminum production in the late 19th century, but it has been abandoned in favour of the more economical electrolytic ...
carboxamide: (from the article "amide") ...by replacement of the hydroxyl group (OH) of an acid by an amino group (NR₂, in which R may represent a hydrogen atom or an organic combining group such as ...
carboxyl group: (from the article "chemical compound") The conjunction of a carbonyl and a hydroxyl group forms a functional group known as a carboxyl group.fatty acidslipidChemical propertiesThe ...
carboxylate ion: (from the article "carboxylic acid") ...its proton, it becomes a negative ion called an alkoxide ion, RO⁻. When a carboxylic acid donates its proton, it becomes a negatively charged ion, RCOO⁻, called a carboxylate ion.
carboxylation: (from the article "metabolism") The carboxylation of pyruvate in higher organisms [50] and the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate in gut bacteria [50a] occurs at a significant rate only if acetyl coenzyme A is present. Acetyl ...
carboxylic acid: any of a class of organic compounds in which a carbon (C) atom is bonded to an oxygen (O) atom by a double bond and to a hydroxyl group (&singlehorzbond;OH) ... [6 Related Articles]
carboxylic acid derivative: (from the article "carboxylic acid") The carboxylic acid derivatives discussed here (with the exception of nitriles) share the RCO structure with aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids themselves.carboxylic acids
carboxypeptidase: (from the article "coordination compound") ...play a variety of important roles in biological systems. Many enzymes, the naturally occurring catalysts that regulate biological processes, are metal complexes (metalloenzymes); for example, carboxypeptidase, a hydrolytic enzyme important ...
carbuncle: (from the article "carbuncle") in mineralogy, a deep red, cabochon-cut almandine, which is an iron aluminum garnet. See almandine.type of almandinealmandine...stone is deep red ...
carbuncle: in medicine, a type of inflammatory staphylococcal infection of the skin. A carbuncle typically consists of two or more interconnected boils called furuncles; these are painful red nodules that form ... [1 Related Articles]
carburetor: device for supplying a spark-ignition engine with a mixture of fuel and air. Components of carburetors usually include a storage chamber for liquid fuel, a choke, an idling (or slow-running) ... [4 Related Articles]
carburizing: form of surface hardening (q.v.) in which the carbon content of the surface of a steel object is increased. [5 Related Articles]
Carbutt, John: (from the article "motion-picture technology") ...glass. The transparent material trade-named celluloid was first manufactured commercially in 1872. It was derived from collodion, that is, nitrocellulose (gun cotton) dissolved in alcohol and dried. John Carbutt manufactured ...
Carcani, Adil: Albanian politician who served (1981-91) as the last communist prime minister of Albania during a political career that spanned nearly five decades and included numerous offices; in 1994 he was ...
Carcani, Filippo: (from the article "Western sculpture") ...rather than structural, and there was a loosening of design in the individual figures as well. This dissolution is also to be found in sculpture of the period, such as ...
carcass: (from the article "military technology") ...a fire before loading. (In that case, moist clay was sometimes packed atop the wadding that separated the ball from the powder charge.) Other projectiles developed for special purposes included ...
carcass: (from the article "meat processing") Hogs are one of the few domesticated livestock animals in which the skin is left on the carcass after the slaughter process. Therefore, after bleeding, the carcasses undergo an extensive ...
Carcassonne: town, capital of Aude departement, Languedoc-Roussillon region, southwestern France, southeast of Toulouse, near the eastward bend of the Aude River, which divides the city into two towns, the Ville Basse ...
carcharhinid: any member of the shark family Carcharhinidae, which includes about 12 genera and 50 species found worldwide. Carcharhinids are found primarily in warm and temperate ocean waters, though a few ...
Carcharhinus limbatus: (from the article "carcharhinid") The name blacktip shark applies to any of several species with dark fin tips. Two Atlantic species are the small blacktip (Carcharhinus limbatus), which grows to about ...
Carchemish: ancient city-state located in what is now southern Turkey, along the border with Syria. Carchemish lay on the west bank of the Euphrates River near the modern town of Jarabulus ... [8 Related Articles]
Carchemish, Battle of: (from the article "Jeremiah") Near the time of the Battle of Carchemish, in 605, when the Babylonians decisively defeated the Egyptians and the remnant of the Assyrians, Jeremiah delivered an oracle against Egypt. Realizing ...
carcinogen: any of a number of agents that can cause cancer, including chemicals, radiation, and viruses. Exposure to such agents, singly or in combination, can initiate cancer under conditions not wholly ... [9 Related Articles]
carcinogenesis: (from the article "biological development") One very important type of development that, from some points of view, can be considered as an exception to the rule that abnormal development is nearly always retrogressive, is carcinogenesis, ...
carcinoma: a cancerous growth of surface (epithelial) tissues of the skin, digestive tract, blood vessels, and various organs. Carcinoma cells tend to invade surrounding healthy tissues and give rise to secondary ... [12 Related Articles]
carcinoma in situ: (from the article "esophageal cancer") Once esophageal cancer has been diagnosed, its stage is determined to indicate how far the cancer has progressed. Stage 0 esophageal cancer is also called carcinoma in situ and is ...
Carcinoscorpinus rotundicauda: (from the article "horseshoe crab") ...single American species Limulus polyphemus, specimens of which can reach a length of more than 60 cm (2 feet). The other three species, Tachypleus tridentatus, T. gigas, and Carcinoscorpinus rotundicauda, ...
card catalog: (from the article "library") The initial solution to this problem was the creation of a card catalog, each entry having its own card and each card containing only one entry. In principle, such catalogs ...
card game: game played for pleasure or gambling (or both) with one or more decks of playing cards. Games using playing cards exploit the fact that cards are individually identifiable from one ...
card sliver: (from the article "cotton") ...machine) then wraps the fibres into a lap. A card (carding) machine brushes the loose fibres into rows that are joined as a soft sheet, or web, and forms them ...
cardamom: spice consisting of whole or ground dried fruit, or seeds, of Elettaria cardamomum, a herbaceous perennial of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae). The seeds have a warm, slightly pungent, and highly ... [4 Related Articles]
Cardamom Hills: mountainous area in southeastern Kerala state, southern India, forming part of the Western Ghats range. Some of their eastern peaks are more than 4,500 feet (1,370 m) high. The Cardamom ...
Cardano, Girolamo: Italian physician, mathematician, and astrologer who gave the first clinical description of typhus fever and whose book Ars magna (The Great Art; or, The ... [9 Related Articles]
Cardarelli, Vincenzo: Italian poet, essayist, literary critic, and journalist whose traditional, lyrical verse was influenced by the poet Giacomo Leopardi. [1 Related Articles]
cardboard cut: (from the article "printmaking") Elementary school children are often introduced to printmaking by making cardboard cuts, and sophisticated artists use the same material to print complex abstract images. Cardboard and paper are not only ...
cardboard palm: (from the article "cycadophyte") ...observations and controlled experiments strongly suggest that in most, or perhaps all, cycads, insect pollen vectors are necessary for effective pollination of ovules. The Mexican cycad Zamia furfuracea, for example, ...
Cardell-Oliver, Dame Florence: (from the article "Western Australia") ...the federal Senate, having already elected Australia's first woman member of a state parliament (Edith Cowan, 1921-24). The state later provided Australia's first woman state Cabinet minister (Dame Florence Cardell-Oliver, ...
Carden, John: (from the article "tank") ...tank of 1925, with five turrets, started a trend toward multiturreted heavy tanks. Another trend setter was a small turretless tankette, originated in Britain by Major Giffard le Quesne Martel ...
Cardenal Arguello, Salvador: (from the article "Nicaragua") Nicaraguan folk music is popular both locally and throughout Central America and Mexico. Much of this music was made popular by ethnomusicologist and composer Salvador Cardenal Arguello, who traveled throughout ...
Cardenal, Ernesto: revolutionary Nicaraguan poet and Roman Catholic priest who is considered to be the second most important Nicaraguan poet, after Ruben Dario.
Cardenas: city, west-central Cuba. It is located on the shore of a large bay and is sheltered by the long Hicacos Peninsula. Cardenas is one of Cuba's chief sugar ports. Founded ...
Cardenas Solorzano, Cuauhtemoc: In December 1997 Mexican leftist-opposition leader Cuauhtemoc Cardenas of the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) was sworn in as mayor of Mexico City, the first-ever elected mayor of North America's largest ...
Cardenas, Lazaro: president of Mexico (1934-40), noted for his efforts to carry out the social and economic aims of the Mexican Revolution. He distributed land, made loans available to peasants, organized workers' ... [5 Related Articles]
cardenolide: (from the article "mimicry") Among the chemical compounds that protect certain plants from insects or other animals that might feed on them are the cardenolides, or cardiac glycosides. These substances have a highly specific ...
Cardew, Michael: (from the article "pottery") ...and much of his work is obviously influenced by the work of Tz'u-chou (see below China: Sung dynasty), as well as that of Japan. It is, nevertheless, strongly individual. One ...
cardia: (from the article "digestive system, human") ...food by relaxing its muscular wall; it frequently contains a gas bubble, especially after a meal. The largest part of the stomach is known simply as the body; it serves ...
cardiac catheterization: medical procedure by which a flexible plastic tube (catheter) is inserted into an artery or vein. It is used for injecting drugs for therapy or diagnosis, for measuring blood flow ... [6 Related Articles]
cardiac cycle: (from the article "heart") ...Following contraction, the ventricles relax, and pressure within them falls. Blood again flows into the atria, and an impulse from the S-A starts the cycle over again. This process is ...
cardiac gastric gland: (from the article "gastric gland") There are three types of gastric glands, distinguished from one another by location and type of secretion. The cardiac gastric glands are located at the very beginning of the stomach; ...
cardiac glycoside: (from the article "drug") ...cardiac muscle, thereby affecting cardiac output. Drugs have a positive inotropic effect if they increase the force of the heart's contraction. The most important group of inotropic agents are the ...
cardiac muscle: (from the article "muscle") The heart is the pump that keeps blood circulating throughout the body and thereby transports nutrients, breakdown products, antibodies, hormones, and gases to and from the tissues. The heart consists ...
cardiac output: in human physiology, volume of blood expelled by either ventricle of the heart. It is customarily expressed as minute volume, or litres of blood per minute, calculated as the product ... [4 Related Articles]
cardiac stomach: (from the article "malacostracan") ...consists of a mouth; an esophagus; a two-chambered foregut; a midgut with outpocketings called digestive glands, or hepatopancreas; and a hindgut, or rectum. The large anterior foregut, or cardiac stomach, ...
cardiac tamponade: (from the article "pericarditis") ...and delirious. Echocardiograms may reveal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac, and electrocardiograms (ECG) show characteristic changes. A rapid increase of pericardial fluid, called cardiac tamponade, may cause circulatory ...
Cardiff: city and capital of Wales. Cardiff constitutes a separate county, which is part of the historic county of Glamorgan (Morgannwg). Cardiff is located on the Bristol Channel at the mouth ... [1 Related Articles]
Cardiff Castle: (from the article "Western architecture") ...and experimental work of the period. William Burges (1827-81) designed St. Finbar's Church of Ireland Cathedral in Cork (1863-76) in a curious 12th-century French style. In 1865, at Cardiff Castle ...
Cardiff Giant: famous hoax perpetrated by George Hall (or Hull) of Binghamton, New York, U.S. A block of gypsum was quarried near Fort Dodge, Iowa, and shipped to Chicago, Illinois. There it ... [2 Related Articles]
Cardiff, Jack: (from the article "1947: Other Winners") ...on 34th StreetOriginal Screenplay: Sidney Sheldon for The Bachelor and the BobbysoxerCinematography, Black-and-White: Guy Green for Great ExpectationsCinematography, Color: Jack Cardiff for Black NarcissusArt Direction, Black-and-White: John Bryan for Great ...
Cardigan: town, Ceredigion county (historic county of Cardiganshire), Wales. The town grew up adjacent to a 12th-century Norman castle overlooking the River Teifi. An arched bridge across the river is said ... [2 Related Articles]
Cardigan Bay: scenic inlet of the Irish Sea indenting the west coast of Wales. It is about 65 miles (105 km) long from south-southwest to north-northeast. Two national parks, Snowdonia and Pembrokeshire ...
Cardigan Welsh corgi: (from the article "Selected breeds of herding dogs") The Cardigan Welsh corgi (see photograph), named for Cardiganshire, can be traced back to dogs brought to Wales by the Celts about 1200 BC. The original type was known as ...
Cardigan, James Thomas Brudenell, 7th Earl of, Baron Brudenell Of Stonton: British general who led the charge of the Light Brigade of British cavalry against the Russians in the Battle of Balaklava, Oct. 25, 1854, during the Crimean War-an incident immortalized ...
Cardijn, Joseph: (from the article "Catholic Action") ...Chretienne; in English-speaking nations called the Young Christian Workers), founded in Belgium after World War I as an organized association of factory workers by Father (later Cardinal) Joseph Cardijn.
Cardin, Pierre: French designer of clothes for women and also a pioneer in the design of high fashion for men.
cardinal: a member of the Sacred College of Cardinals, whose duties include electing the pope, acting as his principal counselors, and aiding in the government of the Roman Catholic church throughout ... [6 Related Articles]
cardinal: any of various medium-size, thick-billed species of songbirds of the New World, all with crested heads. The males all sport at least some bright red plumage. All are nonmigratory and ... [1 Related Articles]
cardinal bishop: (from the article "cardinal") The cardinal bishops are the successors of the bishops of the sees just outside Rome. There were seven of these sees in the 8th century, but the number was later ...
cardinal camerlengo: (from the article "conclave") Upon the death of a pope, the cardinal camerlengo, the personal representative of the Sacred College of Cardinals in the administration of the church, takes up residence in the Vatican ...
cardinal deacon: (from the article "cardinal") The cardinal deacons are the successors of the seven regional deacons. By the 10th-11th century there were 18 deaconries in the city, and the reform of Urban II assigned a ...
cardinal fish: any fish of the family Apogonidae (order Perciformes), a group including about 200 species of small, typically nocturnal fishes found in tropical and subtropical waters. The majority of cardinal fishes ... [1 Related Articles]