(from the article "digestive system, human") ...cm in length, and flow of bile from its lower end into the intestine is controlled by the muscular action of the hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi), located in the ...
an inherited metabolic disorder, the chief symptom of which is the production of a thick, sticky mucus that clogs the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract. [7 Related Articles]
(from the article "tapeworm") ...the larva emerges in the digestive tract. It bores through the intestinal wall into a blood vessel and is carried to muscle tissue in which it forms a protective capsule ...
(from the article "moss animal") ...the colony are found at its outer edges. Cells from the surface epithelium push inward to produce the polypide, and the septa create a chamber around it. The walled portion ...
a crystalline, sulfur-containing amino acid that is formed from two molecules of the amino acid cysteine. Cystine can be converted to cysteine by reduction (in this case, the addition of ... [8 Related Articles]
inborn error of metabolism resulting in the deposition of crystals of the amino acid cystine in various body tissues. Tissues that are particularly affected include the bone marrow, liver, cornea ... [1 Related Articles]
hereditary error of metabolism characterized by the excessive excretion into the urine of four amino acids: cystine, lysine, arginine, and ornithine. The main clinical problem of cystinuria is the possibility ... [2 Related Articles]
extinct genus of solitary corals found as fossils in Silurian and Devonian marine rocks (the Silurian Period preceded the Devonian Period and ended 416 million years ago). Cystiphyllum was one ...
acute or chronic inflammation of the urinary bladder. The bladder, the storage sac for urine, is lined with a mucous membrane and coated with a protective protein layer. As a ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "fungus") Parasitic on plants; simple-septate basidiomycetes; contains three orders.Parasitic on plants; yeasts are non-teliospore-forming and produce auricularioid basidia and ballistospores (spores that are forcibly discharged); example...
(from the article "fungus") ...on plants; typically have five spore stages and two alternate hosts; example genera include Puccinia and Uromyces.Parasitic on plants; simple-septate basidiomycetes; contains three orders.
(from the article "circulation") ...intermediate metabolism as well; and (4) hemocytes that are concerned with wound healing; the plasma of many insects does not coagulate, and either pseudopodia or secreted particles from hemocytes (cystocytes) ...
(from the article "fungus") ...or saprobic; if present, parenthesome separated into cup-shaped sections; gelatinous fruiting bodies may be absent; includes three orders.Parasitic and pathogenic on plants (causing black canker of parsnips), may be ...
(from the article "renal system") ...in which contrast medium is injected through a fine catheter introduced either directly into the pelvis of the kidney or into the ureteral orifice visualized during cystoscopy. A micturating cystogram ...
(from the article "Acanthaceae") The family is characterized by simple leaves arranged in opposite pairs on the twigs, cystoliths (enlarged cells containing crystals of calcium carbonate) in streaks or protuberances in the vegetative parts, ...
(from the article "moss animal") ...by open pores; sexual reproduction involves polyembryony, usually in special reproductive zooids; all seas; Ordovician to present; about 250 genera.Zooid skeletons long and tubular, interconnected by pores and containing ...
(from the article "bladder cancer") In cases of suspected cancer, a urine sample or bladder washing is examined for the presence of abnormal cells, and the bladder can be examined visually, using a flexible tube ...
(from the article "parturition") ...vagina, involuntary loss of urine while coughing or laughing, a sensation of heaviness or discomfort in the pelvic cavity, and difficulty in emptying the lower bowel. The bulging mass formed ...
(from the article "drug") ...necessary for macromolecular synthesis. Examples of these include antagonists of purines (azathioprine, mercaptopurine, and thioguanine) and antagonists of pyrimidine (fluorouracil and floxuridine). Cytarabine, which also has antiviral properties, interferes with ...
island, southernmost and easternmost of the Ionian Islands, off the southern Peloponnesus (Peloponnisos). It is an eparkhia (eparchy) of Attiki nomos (department), Greece. A ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "metabolism") ...is produced, and inorganic pyrophosphate is released [77b]. CDP-diglyceride is the common precursor of a variety of phospholipids. In subsequent reactions, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme, CMP is displaced ...
(from the article "cytosine") Cytidine is a structural subunit of ribonucleic acid that consists of cytosine and the sugar ribose. Cytidine triphosphate (CTP), an ester of cytidine and triphosphoric acid, is the substance utilized ...
(from the article "Rafflesiaceae") ...includes the following genera, mostly in the Old World subtropics: Pilostyles (22 species), Bdallophytum (4 species), Apodanthes (5 species), Rafflesia (12 species), Cytinus (6 species), Rhizanthes (1 or 2 species), ...
any of a group of hemoprotein cell components that, by readily undergoing reduction and oxidation (gain and loss of electrons) with the aid of enzymes, serve a vital function in ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "Number of amino acids per protein molecule") ...(a, b, c) depending on their light-absorption spectra. At least 30 different cytochromes have been identified; they are designated by letters or combinations of letters and numbers, such as cytochrome ...
(from the article "transition element") ...enzymes; examples are (1) ascorbic acid oxidase (an oxidase is an oxidizing enzyme), which contains eight atoms of copper per molecule; it is widely distributed in plants and microorganisms; (2) ...
(from the article "hydrocarbon") Under conditions of biological oxidation by the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system in the liver, benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons undergo epoxidation of their ring. The epoxides that form react with ...
(from the article "Paramecium") ...mating types that form 16 distinct mating groups, or syngens (now considered separate species by many authorities). Autogamy (self-fertilization) is a similar process that occurs in one animal. In cytogamy, ...
(from the article "genetics") Cytogenetics, the microscopic study of chromosomes, blends the skills of cytologists, who study the structure and activities of cells, with those of geneticists, who study genes. Cytologists discovered chromosomes and ...
any of a group of small, short-lived proteins that are released by one cell to regulate the function of another cell, thereby serving as intercellular chemical messengers. Cytokines effect changes ... [6 Related Articles]
in biology, the process by which one cell physically divides into two cells. Cytokinesis represents the major reproductive procedure of unicellular organisms, but it also occurs in the process of ... [1 Related Articles]
any of a number of plant growth substances that are usually derived from adenine. Synthesized in roots, cytokinins move upward in the xylem (woody tissue) and pass into the leaves ... [4 Related Articles]
the study of cells as fundamental units of living things. The earliest phase of cytology began with the English scientist Robert Hooke's microscopic investigations of cork in 1665. He observed ... [9 Related Articles]
any of several viruses in the herpes family (Herpesviridae), frequently involved in human infection. The virus is so named for the enlarged cells produced by active infections; these cells are ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "virus") ...grown only in the brains of chimpanzees or the spinal cords of monkeys.) Culturing cells on glass surfaces opened the way for diseases caused by viruses to be identified by ...
the semifluid substance of a cell that is external to the nuclear membrane and internal to the cellular membrane, sometimes described as the nonnuclear content of protoplasm. In eukaryotes (i.e., ... [15 Related Articles]
(from the article "cell") ...cleavage divisions that produce separate cells called blastomeres. Each blastomere inherits a certain region of the original egg cytoplasm, which may contain one or more regulatory substances called cytoplasmic determinants. ...
(from the article "virus") ...herpesviruses and adenoviruses can be integrated into the genome of the host cell, but it is believed that these viruses frequently, and the measles virus invariably, reside in cells in ...
(from the article "plant breeding") ...a built-in cellular system of pollination control has made hybrid varieties possible in a wide range of plants, including many that are self-pollinating, such as sorghums. This system, called cytoplasmic ...
the movement of the fluid substance (cytoplasm) within a plant or animal cell. The motion transports nutrients, proteins, and organelles within cells. First discovered in the 1830s, the presence of ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "protozoan") ...before gradually becoming alkaline near the end of the process. The products of digestion are then absorbed into the surrounding cytoplasm, and the waste material is ejected from the cell ...
a nitrogenous base derived from pyrimidine that occurs in nucleic acids, the heredity-controlling components of all living cells, and in some coenzymes, substances that act in conjunction with enzymes in ... [5 Related Articles]
a system of filaments or fibres that is present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells (cells containing a nucleus). The cytoskeleton organizes other constituents of the cell, maintains the cell's ... [8 Related Articles]
(from the article "The relative volumes occupied by some cellular compartments in a typical liver cell") ...and ATP hydrolysis. The force developed in the whole muscle is the sum of all the forces developed by each of the millions of cycling cross bridges of the muscle. ...
(from the article "protozoan") ...hairlike structures, or cilia, arranged in ordered rows called kineties. The cilia beat in synchronized waves and thereby propel the organism through the water. Most ciliates possess a cell mouth ...
(from the article "drug") ...to the use of drugs that modify the immune response in recipients of these tissue and organs. The immunosuppressants are a class of drugs capable of inhibiting the immune system. ...
(from the article "human disease") ...rupture and death of the cells. Others multiply within the cell body and compete with the host for nutrition or vital constituents of the cell's metabolism. Both types of viruses ...
(from the article "pregnancy") ...minute branches of the uterine arteries that contain maternal blood. Erosion of the endometrium about these blood sinuses allows them to open into the small cavities in the trophoblast. The ...
(from the article "fungus") ...on plants, especially fruits; thin-walled, inoperculate asci, generally with amyloid apical rings; includes mildews; contains five orders.Parasitic on plants, causes gall formation, especially on beech trees; spherical, dimpled ascocarps ...
Welsh verse form, a kind of short ode in rhyming couplets in which one rhyme is accented and the other unaccented; each line is composed of seven syllables and contains ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "Argonaut") The Argonauts arrived at Lemnos, which was occupied only by women, and remained there several months. Proceeding up the Hellespont, they sailed to the country of the Doliones, by whose ...
ancient Greek town, located on the southern coast of the Sea of Marmara in what is now Balikhisar, Tur. It was probably founded as a colony of Miletus in 756 ...
(from the article "Callinicus Of Heliopolis") ...it. The precise composition is still unknown, but it is generally accepted that it was a mixture of naphtha, pitch, sulfur, possibly saltpetre, and some unknown ingredients. First used in ...
national dance of Hungary. A courting dance for couples, it begins with a slow section (lassu), followed by an exhilarating fast section (friss). The individual dancers carry themselves proudly and ...
(from the article "Vistula River") In its upper course the Vistula is a mountain stream with a steep gradient of up to 5 percent. Its main sources are the Czarna Wiselka and the Biala Wiselka, ...
Polish statesman who worked unceasingly for the restoration of Poland when Russia, Prussia, and Austria had partitioned his country's former lands among themselves. [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "Czechoslovak region, history of") ...of cooperation with the Young Czechs, founded the National Socialist Party. The peasants, dissatisfied with the increasing influence of big business and the upper middle class, turned away from the ...
West Slavic language closely related to Slovak, Polish, and the Sorbian languages of eastern Germany. It is spoken in the historical regions of Bohemia, Moravia, and southwestern Silesia in the ... [5 Related Articles]
the body of writing in the Czech language. Before 1918 there was no independent Czechoslovak state, and Bohemia and Moravia-the Czech-speaking regions that, with part of Silesia, now constitute the ... [13 Related Articles]
(from the article "Czech Republic") On the day of partition, the Czech National Bank and its Slovak counterpart replaced the federal monobank, the State Bank of Czechoslovakia. Initially, however, the federal monetary system remained essentially ...
(from the article "Czech Republic") On Dec. 16, 1992, the Czech National Council adopted a new constitution establishing the Czech Republic as a parliamentary democracy. This document reflects the Western liberal tradition of political thought ...
(from the article "motion picture, history of the") The example of the Polish school encouraged the development of the Czech New Wave (1962-68), which became similarly entangled in politics. The Czechoslovak films that reached international audiences during this ...
(from the article "Ashkenazy, Vladimir") ...(in London), and in 1989 he was named music director of the Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra (renamed as German Symphony Orchestra in 1994). From 1998 to 2003 he was the ...
country located in central Europe. It comprises the historical provinces of Bohemia and Moravia along with the southern tip of Silesia, collectively often called the Czech Lands. Despite its landlocked ... [43 Related Articles]
(from the article "Czech Republic") The Czech Republic came into being on Jan. 1, 1993, upon the dissolution of the Czechoslovak federation. At the time of the separation, the federation's assets were divided at a ...
(from the article "Czech Republic") Meanwhile, the Romantic literary movement of western Europe began to affect the emerging Czech literature. The Czech Romantic school of poetry, dating from the early 19th century, is best represented ...
church established in Czechoslovakia in 1920 by a group of dissident Roman Catholic priests who celebrated the mass in the Czech vernacular. Its forerunner was the Jednota (Union of the ...
(from the article "Russian Civil War") A further factor was the Czechoslovak Legion, composed of Czech and Slovak deserters from the Austro-Hungarian army, whom previous Russian governments had allowed to form their own units. In March ...
(from the article "Czechoslovak region, history of") ...Milan Rastislav Stefanik, offered his support. Masaryk established contacts with the Czechs and Slovaks living in Allied and neutral countries, especially the United States. In 1916 a Czechoslovak National Council ...
(from the article "Liechtenstein") ...Liechtenstein's claim on February 10, stating that the dispute was too old for it to rule on. The suit claimed that Germany had turned over artworks and other property of ...
(from the article "otolaryngology") ...its diseases, meanwhile, was aided by a device that was invented in 1855 by Manuel Garcia, a Spanish singing teacher. This instrument, the laryngoscope, was adopted by Ludwig Turck and ...
(from the article "Judenrate") ...provide order in the ghetto. The individual Judenrate used different models of governance. In Warsaw, the largest of the ghettos, laissez-faire capitalism was the rule under Judenrat chairman Adam Czerniakow. ...
foreign minister of Austria-Hungary (1916-18), whose efforts to disengage his country from its participation in World War I failed to prevent the dissolution of the Habsburg monarchy in 1918. [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "Yiddish language") ...Jewish lingua franca. The Yiddishist movement, dedicated to the growth and enhancement of the language, was strengthened by the proliferation of Yiddish belles lettres. Its achievements include the Czernowitz Language ...
American scholar and university professor (b. June 6, 1929, Erie, Pa.-d. Feb. 16, 2005, Erie), was a specialist in Slavic languages and literatures and was also instrumental in introducing Slavic ...
city, Slaskie wojewodztwo (province), south-central Poland. The city originally consisted of two settlements, Old Czestochowa, founded in the 13th century, and Jasna Gora (Polish: "Shining Mountain"), founded ...
Polish princely family descended from the Kievan grand prince Svyatopolk II Izyaslavich (d. 1113) of the house of Rurik. Among its prominent members was Antoni Czetwertynski (1748-94), the castellan of ...
(from the article "Czetwertynski family") Polish princely family descended from the Kievan grand prince Svyatopolk II Izyaslavich (d. 1113) of the house of Rurik. Among its prominent members was Antoni Czetwertynski (1748-94), the castellan of ...
(from the article "integrated circuit") ...semiconductor must be extremely pure and a single crystal. The basic technique for creating large single crystals was discovered by the Polish chemist Jan Czochralski in 1916 and is now ...
(from the article "McKinley, William") ...among nations. (See primary source document: Reciprocal Trade Agreements.) The following day, September 6, 1901, while McKinley was shaking hands with a crowd of well-wishers at the exposition, Leon Czolgosz, ...
