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Carbon ... Carew, Thomas

Carbon: county, eastern Pennsylvania, U.S., flanked to the north by the Pocono Mountains and to the south by Blue Mountain and located midway between the cities of Wilkes-Barre and Allentown. It ...
carbon: a nonmetallic chemical element in Group IVa of the periodic table.
carbon black: any of a group of intensely black, finely divided forms of amorphous carbon, usually obtained as soot from partial combustion of hydrocarbons, used principally as reinforcing agents in automobile tires ...
carbon cycle: sequence of thermonuclear reactions that provides most of the energy radiated by the hotter stars. It is only a minor source of energy for the Sun and does not operate ...
carbon cycle: in biology, circulation of carbon in various forms through nature. Carbon is a constituent of all organic compounds, many of which are essential to life on Earth. The source of ...
carbon dioxide: (CO₂), a colourless gas having a faint, sharp odour and a sour taste; it is a minor component of the Earth's atmosphere (about 3 volumes in 10,000), formed in combustion ...
carbon disulfide: a colourless, toxic, highly volatile and flammable liquid chemical compound, large amounts of which are used in the manufacture of viscose rayon, cellophane, and carbon tetrachloride; smaller quantities are employed ...
carbon group element: any of the five chemical elements that make up Group IVa of the periodic table-namely, carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), and lead (Pb). (See .)
carbon monoxide: (CO), a highly toxic, colourless, odourless, flammable gas produced industrially for use in the manufacture of numerous organic and inorganic chemical products; it is also present in the exhaust gases ...
carbon steel: metal manufactured from the elements iron and carbon, with the carbon imparting hardness and strength and determining the degree to which such physical properties exist. See steel.
carbon tetrachloride: a colourless, dense, highly toxic, volatile, nonflammable liquid possessing a characteristic odour and belonging to the family of organic halogen compounds, used principally in the manufacture of dichlorodifluoromethane (a refrigerant ...
carbon-14 dating: method of age determination that depends upon the decay to nitrogen of radiocarbon (carbon-14). Carbon-14 is continually formed in nature by the interaction of neutrons with nitrogen-14 in the Earth's ...
carbonaceous chondrite: any stony meteorite containing material associated with life (e.g., hydrocarbons, amino acids, and forms resembling microscopic fossils) and for which some researchers have postulated an extraterrestrial biological origin. Instead of ...
carbonado: one of the varieties of industrial diamond (q.v.).
Carbonaro: (Italian dialect: Charcoal Burner), in early 19th-century Italy, member of a secret society (the Carbonaria) advocating liberal and patriotic ideas. The group provided the main source of opposition to the ...
carbonate: any member of two classes of chemical compounds derived from carbonic acid or carbon dioxide (q.v.). The inorganic carbonates are salts of carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), containing the carbonate ion, CO23^-, ...
carbonate mineral: any member of a family of minerals that contain the carbonate ion, CO₃^2-, as the basic structural and compositional unit. The carbonates are among the most widely distributed minerals in ...
carbonate rock: any rock composed mainly of carbonate minerals. The principal members of the group are the sedimentary rocks dolomite and limestone (qq.v.).
carbonate-apatite: rare phosphate mineral belonging to the apatite series. See apatite.
Carbondale: city, Lackawanna county, northeastern Pennsylvania, U.S., on the Lackawanna River. Located in a mountain resort region, it is 16 miles (26 km) northeast of the city of Scranton.
Carbondale: city, Jackson county, southern Illinois, U.S. It is situated at the northern edge of the Illinois Ozarks, about 100 miles (160 km) southeast of St. Louis, Missouri. Founded in 1852 ...
carbonic anhydrase: enzyme found in red blood cells, gastric mucosa, pancreatic cells, and renal tubules that catalyzes the interconversion of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and carbonic acid (H₂CO₃). Carbonic anhydrase plays an important ...
Carboniferous Period: fifth interval of the Paleozoic Era, succeeding the Devonian and preceding the Permian. In terms of absolute time, the Carboniferous began approximately 360 million years ago and ended 286 million ...
carbonium ion: any member of a class of organic molecules with positive charges localized at a carbon atom. Certain carbonium ions can be prepared in such a way that they are stable ...
carbonyl group: in organic chemistry, a divalent chemical unit consisting of a carbon (C) and an oxygen (O) atom connected by a double bond. The group is a constituent of carboxylic acids, ...
carborane: any member of a class of organometallic compounds having the general formula C₂B_nH_{n + 2}, in which C, B, and H represent, respectively, carbon, boron, and hydrogen atoms and n ...
carboxylic acid: any of a class of organic compounds in which a carbon atom is bonded to an oxygen atom by a double bond and to a hydroxyl group by a single ...
carbuncle: in medicine, a type of inflammatory staphylococcal infection of the skin. A carbuncle typically consists of two or more interconnected boils called furuncles; these are painful red nodules that form ...
carbuncle: in mineralogy, a deep red, cabochon-cut almandine, which is an iron aluminum garnet. See almandine.
carburetor: device for supplying a spark-ignition engine with a mixture of fuel and air. Components of carburetors usually include a storage chamber for liquid fuel, a choke, an idling (or slow-running) ...
carburizing: form of surface hardening (q.v.) in which the carbon content of the surface of a steel object is increased.
Carcassonne: town, capital of Aude departement, Languedoc-Roussillon region, southwestern France, southeast of Toulouse, near the eastward bend of the Aude River, which divides the city into two towns, the Ville Basse ...
carcharhinid: any member of the shark family Carcharhinidae, which includes about 13 genera and numerous species found worldwide. Carcharhinids are found primarily in warm and temperate ocean waters, though a few ...
Carchemish: ancient city-state located in what is now southern Turkey, along the border with Syria. Carchemish lay on the west bank of the Euphrates River near the modern town of Jarabulus ...
carcinogen: any of a number of agents that can cause cancer, including chemicals, radiation, and viruses. Exposure to such agents, singly or in combination, can initiate cancer under conditions not wholly ...
carcinoma: a cancerous growth of surface (epithelial) tissues of the skin, digestive tract, blood vessels, and various organs. Carcinoma cells tend to invade surrounding healthy tissues and give rise to secondary ...
card game: game played for pleasure or gambling (or both) with one or more decks of playing cards. Games using playing cards exploit the fact that cards are individually identifiable from one ...
cardamom: spice consisting of whole or ground dried fruit, or seeds, of Elettaria cardamomum, a herbaceous perennial of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae). The seeds have a warm, slightly ...
Cardamom Hills: mountainous area in southeastern Kerala state, southern India, forming part of the Western Ghats range. Some of their eastern peaks are more than 4,500 feet (1,370 m) high. The Cardamom ...
Cardano, Girolamo: Italian physician, mathematician, and astrologer who gave the first clinical description of typhus fever and whose book Ars magna (The Great Art; or, The ...
Cardarelli, Vincenzo: Italian poet, essayist, literary critic, and journalist whose traditional, lyrical verse was influenced by the poet Giacomo Leopardi.
Cardenal, Ernesto: revolutionary Nicaraguan poet and Roman Catholic priest who is considered to be the second most important Nicaraguan poet, after Ruben Dario.
Cardenas: city, northern Matanzas province, west-central Cuba. It is located on the shore of a large bay and is sheltered by the long Hicacos Peninsula. Cardenas is one of Cuba's chief ...
Cardenas, Lazaro: president of Mexico (1934-40), noted for his efforts to carry out the social and economic aims of the Mexican Revolution. He distributed land, made loans available to peasants, organized workers' ...
cardiac arrhythmia: variation from the normal rate or regularity of the heartbeat, usually resulting from irregularities within the cardiac conduction system. Arrhythmias occur in both normal and diseased hearts and have no ...
cardiac catheterization: procedure by which a flexible tube (catheter) is inserted into an artery or vein and passed along the course of that vessel into the heart. It is used for injecting ...
cardiac output: in human physiology, volume of blood expelled by either ventricle of the heart. It is customarily expressed as minute volume, or litres of blood per minute, calculated as the product ...
Cardiff: city and capital of Wales. Cardiff constitutes a separate county, which is part of the historic county of Glamorgan (Morgannwg). Cardiff is located on the Bristol Channel at the mouth ...
Cardiff Giant: famous hoax perpetrated by George Hall (or Hull) of Binghamton, New York, U.S. A block of gypsum was quarried near Fort Dodge, Iowa, and shipped to Chicago, Illinois. There it ...
Cardigan: town, Ceredigion county (historic county of Cardiganshire), Wales. The town grew up adjacent to a 12th-century Norman castle overlooking the River Teifi. An arched bridge across the river is said ...
Cardigan Bay: scenic inlet of the Irish Sea indenting the west coast of Wales. It is about 65 miles (105 km) long from south-southwest to north-northeast. Two national parks, Snowdonia and Pembrokeshire ...
Cardigan, James Thomas Brudenell, 7th Earl of, Baron Brudenell Of Stonton: British general who led the charge of the Light Brigade of British cavalry against the Russians in the Battle of Balaklava, Oct. 25, 1854, during the Crimean War-an incident immortalized ...
Cardin, Pierre: French designer of elegantly cut clothes for women and also a pioneer in the design of high fashion for men.
cardinal: a member of the Sacred College of Cardinals, whose duties include electing the pope, acting as his principal counselors, and aiding in the government of the Roman Catholic church throughout ...
cardinal: any of various medium-size, thick-billed species of songbirds of the New World, all with crested heads. The males all sport at least some bright red plumage. All are nonmigratory and ...
cardinal fish: any fish of the family Apogonidae (order Perciformes), a group including about 200 species of small, typically nocturnal fishes found in tropical and subtropical waters. The majority of cardinal fishes ...
cardinal flower: any of several closely related species of the genus Lobelia, perennial plants of the family Lobeliaceae that are native to North and Central America. All bear spikes of scarlet, lipped ...
cardiology: medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the heart. Cardiology first became a specialized field of study when Jean Baptiste de Senac in 1749 ...
cardiopulmonary resuscitation: emergency procedure designed to restore normal breathing and circulation after such traumas as cardiac arrest and drowning. CPR involves clearing the air passages to the lungs and carrying out external ...
cardiovascular disease: any of the diseases, whether congenital or acquired, of the heart and blood vessels. Among the most important are atherosclerosis, rheumatic heart disease, and vascular inflammation. Cardiovascular diseases constitute one ...
cardiovascular system: in humans, organ system that conveys blood through vessels to and from all parts of the body, carrying nutrients and oxygen to tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes. ...
Cardis, Treaty of: (1661), peace settlement between Russia and Sweden, ending the war begun in 1656 and maintaining the territorial accords of the earlier Treaty of Stolbovo. See Stolbovo, Treaty of.
cardoon: (Cynara cardunculus), thistlelike perennial herb of the family Asteraceae, native to southern Europe and North Africa, where it is used as a vegetable. Its blanched inner leaves and stalk (called ...
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique: Brazilian sociologist, teacher, and politician who was president of Brazil from 1995 to 2003.
Cardozo, Benjamin Nathan: American jurist, a creative common-law judge and legal essayist who influenced a trend in American appellate judging toward greater involvement with public policy and a consequent modernization of legal principles. ...
Cardston: town, southwestern Alberta, Canada, on Lee Creek, near the U.S. (Montana) border, 47 miles (75 km) southwest of Lethbridge. Founded by Mormons from Utah in 1887, it was named for ...
Carducci, Bartolommeo: Italian-born painter, architect, and sculptor who was active in Spain.
Carducci, Giosue: Italian poet, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1906, and one of the most influential literary figures of his age.
Carducci, Vincenzo: Italian-born painter.
Carduelidae: songbird family, order Passeriformes, consisting of about 112 species of gregarious songbirds found in woodlands and brushlands worldwide, except in the Pacific Islands.
Cardwell, Edward Cardwell, Viscount: British statesman who, as secretary of state for war (1868-74), was considered to be the greatest British military reformer of the 19th century, modernizing the organization and equipment of the ...
CARE: international aid and development organization that operates in some 35 countries worldwide.
Careme, Marie-Antoine: chef who served the royalty of Europe and wrote several classics of cuisine.
Carew, Richard: English scholar and antiquary known especially for a history of Cornwall that gives an interesting picture of a country gentleman's life about 1600.
Carew, Rod: professional American League baseball player who was one of the great hitters of his generation.
Carew, Thomas: English poet and first of the Cavalier song writers.