| | - Camel period
- (from the article "art, African") Because continuing desertification led to restricted distribution of the horse (represented mainly in Mauritania), the Camel period reflects only present-day fauna: camel, antelope, oryx, gazelle, mouflon, ostrich, humped cattle, and ...
- camel racing
- sport of running camels at speed, with a rider astride, over a predetermined course. The sport is generally limited to running the dromedary-whose name is derived from the Greek verb ... [5 Related Articles]
- camel spin
- (from the article "figure skating") ...leg extends beside the bent skating leg. The layback spin, usually performed by women, requires an upright position; the skater arches her back and drops her head and shoulders toward ...
- camel's thorns
- (from the article "manna") ...native to Turkey, especially L. esculenta. In the Middle East lichen bread and manna jelly are made from Lecanora. Manna also refers to resins produced by two plants called camel's ...
- Camel, Battle of the
- (from the article "'A'ishah") ...community), during whose reign she played an important role in fomenting opposition that led to his murder in 656. She led an army against his successor, 'Ali, but was defeated ...
- Camelidae
- (from the article "artiodactyl") Camelids evolved in North America and, at or toward the end of the Tertiary, spread into South America and into the Old World. By the end of the Pleistocene they ...
- Camelina sativa
- (from the article "seed and fruit") ...probably as the result of competition for nutrients between developing ovules on the placenta. Striking evolutionary changes in seed size, inadvertently created by man, have occurred in the weed Camelina ...
- Camellia
- genus of about 120 species of East Asian evergreen shrubs and trees, belonging to the tea family (Theaceae), most notable for a few ornamental flowering species and for C. sinensis ...
- Camelops
- extinct genus of large camels that existed from the Late Pliocene epoch to the end of the Pleistocene epoch (between 3,400,000 and 10,000 years ago) in western North America from ...
- Camelot
- in Arthurian legend, the seat of King Arthur's court. It is variously identified with Caerleon, Monmouthshire, in Wales, and, in England, with the following: Queen Camel, Somerset; the little town ...
- Camelots du Roi
- (from the article "France") ...Maurras appealed to many traditionalists, professional men, churchmen, and army officers. Action Francaise readily resorted to both verbal and physical violence, and its organized bands, the Camelots du Roi, anticipated ...
- Camembert cheese
- classic cow's-milk cheese of Normandy, named for a village in that region; its characteristic creamy, ivory-coloured interior and downy white surface, resembling that of Brie, result from the Penicillium camemberti ... [1 Related Articles]
- Camenae
- in Roman religion, goddesses who were perhaps originally water deities, having a sacred grove and spring located outside the Porta Capena at Rome. Believed able to cure diseases and prophesy ...
- Camenes
- (from the article "logic, history of") Fourth figure:Bramantip, Camenes, Dimaris, Fesapo,
- Camenop
- (from the article "logic, history of") Fresison, *Camenop.
- cameo
- hard or precious stone carved in relief, or imitations of such stones in glass (called pastes) and mollusk shell. The cameo is usually a gem (commonly agate, onyx, or sardonyx) ... [5 Related Articles]
- cameo glass
- glassware decorated with figures and forms of coloured glass carved in relief against a glass background of a contrasting colour. Such ware is produced by blowing two layers of glass ... [7 Related Articles]
- camera
- in photography, device for recording an image of an object on a light-sensitive surface; it is essentially a light-tight box with an aperture to admit light focused onto a sensitized ... [10 Related Articles]
- Camera degli Sposi
- (from the article "Mantegna, Andrea") The Gonzaga patronage provided Mantegna a fixed income (which did not always materialize) and the opportunity to create what became his best-known surviving work, the so-called Camera degli Sposi in ...
- camera lucida
- (Latin: "light chamber"), optical instrument invented in 1807 by William Hyde Wollaston to facilitate accurate sketching of objects. It consists of a four-sided prism mounted on a small stand above ... [1 Related Articles]
- camera movement
- (from the article "motion picture") Framing, scale, and shooting angle are all greatly modified by the use of camera movement. Filmmakers began experimenting with camera movement almost immediately after the motion-picture camera was developed. In ...
- camera obscura
- ancestor of the photographic camera. The Latin name means "dark chamber," and the earliest versions, dating to antiquity, consisted of small darkened rooms with light admitted through a single tiny ... [5 Related Articles]
- camera ottica
- (from the article "Canaletto") ...Such was the pressure upon him that he ultimately was forced to work largely from drawings and even from other artists' engravings, rather than from nature. He also developed the ...
- camera-stylo
- (from the article "motion picture, history of the") ...and, more prominently, of Andre Bazin, whose thought molded an entire generation of filmmakers, critics, and scholars. In 1948 Astruc formulated the concept of the camera-stylo ("camera-pen"), ...
- cameralism
- (from the article "Germany") For the state to continue to draw high taxes without ruining land and people, the country's level of wealth had to be raised. Frederick William therefore pursued an aggressive policy ...
- Camerarius, Joachim
- German classical scholar and Lutheran theologian who mediated between Protestants and Catholics at the Reformation.
- Camerarius, Rudolph Jacob
- botanist who demonstrated the existence of sexes in plants. [1 Related Articles]
- Camerata
- Florentine society of intellectuals, poets, and musicians, the first of several such groups that formed in the decades preceding 1600. The Camerata met about 1573-87 under the patronage of Count ... [4 Related Articles]
- Cameria
- (from the article "Albania") ...pressure from Albania's neighbours, the great powers largely ignored demographic realities and ceded the vast region of Kosovo to Serbia, while in the south Greece was given the greater part ...
- Cameron
- county, north-central Pennsylvania, U.S., consisting of a mountainous region on the Allegheny Plateau. The principal stream is Sinnemahoning Creek, which divides itself into the Bennett and Driftwood branches. Parklands include ...
- Cameron Highlands
- resort area of west-central West Malaysia (Malaya), in the Main Range, about 80 miles (130 km) south of southernmost Thailand. It comprises a cool highland plateau (elevation 4,750 feet [1,448 ...
- Cameron, Alistair G. W.
- (from the article "comet") Later in the 1970s the American astronomer A.G.W. Cameron developed a much more massive model of the protostar nebula, in which the comets accreted in a circular ring at some ...
- Cameron, Charles
- (from the article "Western architecture") Two foreign architects played important roles: a Scotsman, Charles Cameron, whose most extensive work was at Tsarskoye Selo in the style invented by Robert Adam and who was responsible for ...
- Cameron, David
- British politician, who became head of Britain's Conservative Party in 2005. [5 Related Articles]
- Cameron, Duncan
- fur trader who became involved in a rivalry with the Hudson's Bay Company over the settlement of the Red River region of western Canada.
- Cameron, James
- It was full speed ahead for James Cameron in 1998 as the Canadian filmmaker defied critics and logistics by building a Titanic that refused to sink. His screen adaptation of ...
- Cameron, Julia Margaret
- British photographer who is considered one of the greatest portrait photographers of the 19th century. [3 Related Articles]
- Cameron, Richard
- Scottish Covenanter, founder of a religious sect called Cameronians. [1 Related Articles]
- Cameron, Simon
- U.S. senator, secretary of war during the American Civil War, and a political boss of Pennsylvania. His son James Donald Cameron (1833-1918) succeeded him in the Senate and as a ... [1 Related Articles]
- Cameron, Sir Donald
- (from the article "Tanzania") ...Tanganyika Territory (as it was then renamed), enforced a period of recuperation before new development plans were set on foot. A Land Ordinance (1923) ensured that African land rights were ...
- Cameron, Sir Ewen
- Scottish Highland chieftain, a strong supporter of the Stuart monarchs Charles II and James II of England. A man of enormous bulk, Lochiel became renowned for his feats of strength ...
- Cameron, Verney Lovett
- British explorer, the first to cross equatorial Africa from sea to sea. [1 Related Articles]
- Cameron-Ramsay-Fairfax-Lucy
- (from the article "heraldry") Even without very large numbers of arms to place, the marshaling of quarterings may still be complicated. An interesting example is the marshaling of several coats of arms for the ...
- Cameronian
- any of the Scottish Covenanters who followed Richard Cameron in adhering to the perpetual obligation of the two Scottish covenants of 1638 and 1643 as set out in the Queensferry ... [2 Related Articles]
- Cameroon
- country lying at the junction of western and central Africa. Triangular in shape, it is bordered by Nigeria to the northwest, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to ... [25 Related Articles]
- Cameroon Democratic Union
- (from the article "Cameroon") ...clashes, a constitutional amendment in 1990 established a multiparty system; main opposition groups included the Social Democratic Front, the National Union for Democracy and Progress, and the Cameroon Democratic Union.
- Cameroon Highlands
- (from the article "Africa") ...plateau in Guinea, in the Guinea Highlands, which also extend over the borders of Sierra Leone and Liberia, in the Jos Plateau in Nigeria, in the Adamawa region of Nigeria ...
- Cameroon People's Democratic Movement
- (from the article "Cameroon") Cameroon was a de facto one-party state from 1966 and was dominated by the Cameroon National Union, a merger of six political parties; it was renamed the Cameroon People's Democratic ...
- Cameroon, flag of
- vertically striped green-red-yellow national flag with a central yellow star. It has a width-to-length ratio of approximately 2 to 3.
- Cameroon, history of
- history of the area from prehistoric and ancient times to the present. [7 Related Articles]
- Cameroon, Mount
- volcanic massif of southwestern Cameroon, rising to a height of 13,435 feet (4,095 m) and extending 14 miles (23 km) inland from the Gulf of Guinea. It is the highest ... [4 Related Articles]
- Cameroon-Nigeria Mixed Commission
- (from the article "Cameroon") In 2005, three years after the International Court of Justice had delineated the 1,600-km (1,000-mi) border between Cameroon and Nigeria, the implementation of the ruling remained stalled. The Cameroon-Nigeria Mixed ...
- Cameroonian Union
- (from the article "Ahidjo, Ahmadou") ...the Assembly of the French Union. In the first Cameroon government (1957), he was vice premier and minister of the interior; when the first premier fell in early 1958, he ...
- Camestres
- (from the article "logic, history of") Second figure:Cesare, Camestres, Festino, Baroco,
- Camestrop
- (from the article "logic, history of") *Cesaro, *Camestrop.
- Camiguin
- mountainous island in the Bohol (Mindanao) Sea, 6 miles (10 km) off the northern coast of Mindanao, Philippines. Located near Macajalar and Gingoog bays, the island is often considered the ...
- Camilar, Eusebiu
- (from the article "Romanian literature") Zaharia Stancu composed novels that evoked Romanian village life in a vanished age. Eusebiu Camilar, in his novel Mist, bitterly indicted fascism. Essays and criticism were written by Mihai Ralea, ...
- Camilla
- in Roman mythology, legendary Volscian maiden who became a warrior and was a favourite of the goddess Diana. According to the Roman poet Virgil (Aeneid, Books VII ...
- Camilla, duchess of Cornwall
- consort (2005- ) of Charles, prince of Wales. [3 Related Articles]
- Camille, Hurricane
- hurricane (tropical cyclone), one of the strongest of the 20th century, that hit the United States in August 1969. After entering the Gulf of Mexico, the hurricane struck the Mississippi ... [2 Related Articles]
- Camilleri, Andrea
- (from the article "Literature") The 2006 Italian literary scene confirmed some established trends, such as readers' passion for detective stories, attested in particular by the success of Andrea Camilleri's La vampa d'agosto. In a ...
- Camillus of Lellis, Saint
- founder of the Ministers of the Sick. Along with St. John of God, Camillus became patron of the sick.
- Camillus, Marcus Furius
- Roman soldier and statesman who came to be honoured after the sack of Rome by the Gauls (c. 390) as the second founder of the city. [2 Related Articles]
- Caminer, David
- British computer software engineer developed (with hardware designer John Pinkerton) the world's first business computer, LEO (Lyons Electronic Office), which revolutionized the speed and accuracy with which routine business data ...
- Caminha, Adolfo
- (from the article "Brazilian literature") Two authors closely identified with the naturalist school who were writing during Machado de Assis's time are Aluizio Azevedo and Adolfo Caminha. Azevedo's naturalist and somewhat melodramatic novels deal primarily ...
- Caminiti, Kenneth Gene
- American baseball player (b. April 21, 1963, Hanford, Calif.-d. Oct. 10, 2004, New York, N.Y.), won the National League's Most Valuable Player (MVP) award in 1996 as a member of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Camino Real
- (Spanish: Royal Road), highway that in the 16th century connected the cities of Gijon, Leon, and Madrid, Spain; in Spain it has come to mean any important highway. In California ...
- Camino Real, El
- (from the article "Camino Real") ...highway that in the 16th century connected the cities of Gijon, Leon, and Madrid, Spain; in Spain it has come to mean any important highway. In California a coastal highway ...
- Camisard
- any of the Protestant militants of the Bas-Languedoc and Cevennes regions of southern France who, in the early 18th century, organized an armed insurrection in opposition to Louis XIV's persecution ... [2 Related Articles]
- Camm, Sydney
- (from the article "Hurricane") The Hurricane emerged from efforts by Sydney Camm, Hawker's chief designer, to develop a high-performance monoplane fighter and from a March 1935 Air Ministry requirement calling for an unprecedented heavy ...
- Cammaerts, Emile
- Belgian poet and writer who, as a vigorous royalist, interpreted Belgium to the British public.
- Cammeyer, William
- (from the article "baseball") ...paid dues, the emphasis was on fraternity and socializing, and baseball games were played largely among members. But the growth of baseball's popularity soon attracted commercial interest. In 1862 William ...
- Camoes Prize
- (from the article "World Literary Prizes 2007") The 2007 Camoes Prize, the most important trophy of Portuguese-language literatures, went to Antonio Lobo Antunes, who during the year published his 19th novel, O meu nome e legiao. The ...
- Camoes, Luis de
- Portugal's great national poet, author of the epic poem Os Lusiadas (1572; The Lusiads), which describes Vasco da Gama's discovery of the sea route to India. Camoes had a permanent ... [4 Related Articles]
- Camonica, Val
- (from the article "Alps") ...some of which were built on the shores of the Alpine lakes. Sites have been discovered near Lake Annecy, along the shores of Lake Geneva, in the Totes Mountains in ...
- Camorra
- Italian secret society of criminals that grew to power in Naples during the 19th century. Its origins are uncertain, but it may have existed in Spain as early as the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Camorta
- (from the article "Nicobar Islands") ...the Andaman Islands to the north, constitute the boundary between the southeastern Bay of Bengal (west) and the Andaman Sea (east). The Nicobar group includes the islands of Car Nicobar ...
- camouflage
- in military science, the art and practice of concealment and visual deception in war. It is the means of defeating enemy observation by concealing or disguising installations, personnel, equipment, and ...
- camp
- in military service, an area for temporary or semipermanent sheltering of troops. In most usage the word camp signifies an installation more elaborate and durable than a bivouac but less ...
- Camp Beauregard
- (from the article "Mayfield") ...and grain. Extensive local deposits of ball clay are used for ceramics and china, and other manufactures include telecommunications towers, tires, and air compressors. A monument marks the site of ...
- camp bed
- (from the article "furniture") ...might well be draped like a tent. In these surroundings, the army commanders of Napoleon's time could feel like the caesars and consuls of ancient Rome. During a campaign, however, ...
- Camp David
- rural retreat of U.S. presidents in Catoctin Mountain Park, a unit of the National Park Service on a spur of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Frederick county, northern Maryland, U.S. ...
- Camp David Accords
- agreements between Israel and Egypt signed on September 17, 1978, that led in the following year to a peace treaty between those two countries, the first such treaty between Israel ... [16 Related Articles]
- Camp Fire Boys and Girls
- (from the article "camping") ...in 1910 by Ernest Thompson Seton, it incorporated camping as a major part of its program. Similar emphasis on camping was to be found in the Girl Guides (founded in ...
- Camp Lemonier
- (from the article "Outsourcing War-The Surge in Private Military Firms") ...these problems, PMFs are now called upon to deliver services previously considered the domain of military personnel. Kellogg, Brown & Root (KBR) runs the only permanent U.S. base in Africa ...
- camp meeting
- type of outdoor revival meeting that was held on the American frontier during the 19th century by various Protestant denominations. Camp meetings filled an ecclesiastical and spiritual need in the ...
- Camp, Walter
- sports authority best known for having selected the earliest All-America teams in American college gridiron football. More important, Camp played a leading role in developing the American game as distinct ... [4 Related Articles]
- Campa
- city of ancient India, the capital of the kingdom of Anga (a region corresponding with the eastern part of modern Bihar state), identified with two villages of that name on ...
- Campa Arawak
- (from the article "Arawak") ...were sedentary farmers who hunted and fished, lived in small autonomous settlements, and had little hierarchical organization. The Arawak were found as far west as the foothills of the Andes. ...
- Campagna di Roma
- lowland plain surrounding the city of Rome in Lazio (Latium) regione, central Italy. Occupying an area of about 800 square miles (2,100 square km), it is bounded on the northwest ...
- Campagna vase
- (from the article "pottery") ...carried into the 19th century, during which time the flower designs became somewhat overblown, although landscapes remained on a high level. The sets of so-called Campana vases (more properly Campagna), ...
- campagne
- (from the article "dressage") Dressage is generally divided into elementary training (campagne) and the much more advanced haute ecole. Elementary training consists of teaching the young horse obedience, ...
- Campagnola, Domenico
- Italian painter and printmaker and one of the first professional draftsmen.
- Campagnola, Giulio
- Italian painter and engraver who anticipated by over two centuries the development of stipple engraving. Much of his significance derives from this technique: a system of delicate flicks and dots ... [2 Related Articles]
- campaign
- (from the article "Mexico") Federal legislators, reacting to both the very high cost of Mexican political campaigns and the controversies sparked by privately funded television advertisements during the 2006 presidential race, also approved a ...
- campaign finance reform
- (from the article "McCain, John") ...cleared by the Senate in 1991 of illegalities in his dealings on Keating's behalf, McCain was mildly rebuked for exercising "poor judgment." Duly embarrassed, McCain became a champion of campaign ...
- campaign furniture
- in Europe, variety of portable furniture made for travel. Most of the surviving examples date from the 19th century and were made for Napoleon's campaigns; they include such items as ...
- Campaigne, Philippe de
- (from the article "painting, Western") The influence of the highly Baroque paintings depicting the life of Marie de Medicis that Rubens had executed for the Luxembourg Palace in Paris was small. But Philippe de Campaigne ...
- Campaldino, Battle of
- (June 11, 1289), in Italian history, a battle between Florence and Arezzo, an episode in the struggles among rival Tuscan towns and in the contest between the Guelfs and Ghibellines ...
- Campan, Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Genest
- preeminent educator of Napoleonic France and champion of a broader curriculum for women students.
- Campana, Dino
- innovative Italian lyric poet who is almost as well known for his tragic, flamboyant personality as for his controversial writings.
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