| | - Baker v. Carr
- (1962), U.S. Supreme Court case that forced the Tennessee legislature to reapportion itself on the basis of population. Traditionally, particularly in the South, the populations of rural areas had been ... [2 Related Articles]
- baker's cap
- (from the article "toque") ...brimless, black velvet toques were popular with men and women. Throughout the 19th century, women wore toques, often small, trimmed with fur, lace, bows, flowers, or leaves. The typical white ...
- baker's yeast
- (from the article "baking") All commercial breads, except salt-rising types and some rye bread, are leavened with bakers' yeast, composed of living cells of the yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A typical yeast addition level ...
- Baker, A. W.
- (from the article "Jamaica") The economy no longer depended on sugar exports by the latter part of the 19th century, when Captain A.W. Baker, founder of the organization that later became the United Fruit ...
- Baker, Alan
- British mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1970 for his work in number theory.
- Baker, Anita
- American singer whose three-octave range and powerful, emotional delivery brought her international acclaim in the 1980s and '90s. She was one of the most popular artists in urban contemporary music, ...
- Baker, Augusta Braxton
- American librarian and storyteller who worked long and prolifically in the field of children's literature. Her many accomplishments included the first extensive bibliography of children's books portraying positive African-American role ...
- Baker, Augustine
- English Benedictine monk who was an important writer on ascetic and mystical theology. [1 Related Articles]
- Baker, Carlos
- American teacher, novelist, and critic known for his definitive biographies of Ernest Hemingway and Percy Bysshe Shelley.
- Baker, Chet
- American jazz trumpeter and vocalist noted for the plaintive, fragile tone of both his playing and singing. He was a cult figure whose well-publicized struggles with drug addiction curtailed a ...
- Baker, Dame Janet
- English operatic mezzo-soprano, known for her vocal expression, stage presence, and effective diction. As a recitalist she was noted for her interpretations of the works of Gustav Mahler, Sir Edward ...
- Baker, Ella
- American community organizer and political activist who brought her skills and principles to bear in the major civil rights organizations of the mid-20th century.
- Baker, Etta Lucille Reid
- American folk musician (b. March 31, 1913, Caldwell county, N.C.-d. Sept. 23, 2006, Fairfax, Va.), played banjo and guitar and influenced the folk music revival of the 1950s and '60s ...
- Baker, Florence
- (from the article "Speke, John Hanning") ...course, but an outbreak of tribal warfare required them to change their route. In February 1863 they reached Gondokoro in the southern Sudan, where they met the Nile explorers Samuel ...
- Baker, Gene
- (from the article "baseball") By that time acceptance of black players was commonplace. However, inclusion of minorities in coaching and administrative positions was virtually nonexistent. In 1961 Gene Baker became the first African American ...
- Baker, George Fisher
- American financier, bank president, and philanthropist who endowed the Graduate School of Business Administration at Harvard.
- Baker, George Pierce
- American teacher of some of the most notable American dramatists, among them Eugene O'Neill, Philip Barry, Sidney Howard, and S.N. Behrman. Emphasizing creative individuality and practical construction (he guided students' ... [1 Related Articles]
- Baker, Houston A., Jr.
- American educator and critic who proposed new standards, based on African American culture and values, for the interpretation and evaluation of literature.
- Baker, Howard
- (from the article "Thompson, Fred") ...on those of Ronald Reagan, who was then governor of California. In 1969 he was named assistant U.S. attorney, though he left that position in 1972 to serve as the ...
- Baker, James Addison, III
- American government official, political manager, and lawyer who occupied important posts in the Republican presidential administrations of the 1980s and early '90s, including that of U.S. secretary of state (1989-92). [5 Related Articles]
- Baker, Josephine
- American-born French dancer and singer who symbolized the beauty and vitality of black American culture, which took Paris by storm in the 1920s.
- Baker, LaFayette Curry
- chief of the U.S. Federal Detective Police during the American Civil War and director of Union intelligence and counterintelligence operations.
- Baker, LaVern
- American rhythm-and-blues singer notable for her vocal power and rhythmic energy. [1 Related Articles]
- Baker, Michael
- (from the article "bridge") In 1977 the New River Gorge Bridge, the world's longest-spanning steel arch, was completed in Fayette county, West Virginia, U.S. Designed by Michael Baker, the two-hinged arch truss carries four ...
- Baker, Mount
- (from the article "Major volcanoes of the world") ...[4,392 m], highest in Washington and in the Cascade Range). Most of the summits are extinct volcanoes, but Lassen Peak (10,457 feet [3,187 m]) and several others have erupted in ...
- Baker, Newton D
- lawyer, political leader, and U.S. secretary of war during World War I.
- Baker, Nicholson
- (from the article "United States") ...including the Chinese American Amy Tan. A new freedom to write about human erotic experience previously considered strange or even deviant shaped much new writing, from the comic obsessive novels ...
- Baker, Ray Stannard
- American journalist, popular essayist, literary crusader for the League of Nations, and authorized biographer of Woodrow Wilson.
- Baker, Reginald
- (from the article "Ealing Studios") ...internationally remembered for a series of witty comedies that reflected the social conditions of post-World War II Britain. Founded in 1929 by two of England's best known producers, Basil Dean ...
- Baker, Russell
- American newspaper columnist, author, humorist, and political satirist, who used good-natured humour to comment slyly and trenchantly on a wide range of social and political matters.
- Baker, Samuel
- (from the article "Sotheby's") The founder, Samuel Baker (died 1778), a London bookseller, held his first auction (under his own name) early in 1744, selling an estate library of 457 books. Establishing the firm ...
- Baker, Sara Josephine
- American physician who contributed significantly to public health and child welfare in the United States.
- Baker, Shirley
- (from the article "Tonga, flag of") When King George Tupou I came to the throne, he relied heavily on an Englishman, Shirley W. Baker, for advice regarding a new flag, which was first hoisted in 1866 ...
- Baker, Sir Benjamin
- English civil engineer and the chief designer of the railway bridge over the Firth of Forth, Scotland. [2 Related Articles]
- Baker, Sir Richard
- British writer and author of A Chronicle of the Kings of England. [1 Related Articles]
- Baker, Sir Samuel White
- English explorer who, with John Hanning Speke, helped to locate the sources of the Nile River. [7 Related Articles]
- Baker, Thane
- (from the article "Morrow, Bobby Joe") At the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne, Morrow went through the 100-metres series without losing a race, pulling away from American Thane Baker in the final. Despite running with a bandaged ...
- Baker, Theodore
- American music scholar and lexicographer. [1 Related Articles]
- Bakersfield
- city, seat (1875) of Kern county, south-central California, U.S. Located in the San Joaquin Valley, it was founded along the Los Angeles and Stockton road in 1869 by Thomas Baker, ...
- bakery product
- (from the article "baking") process of cooking by dry heat, especially in some kind of oven. It is probably the oldest cooking method. Bakery products, which include bread, rolls, cookies, pies, pastries, and muffins, ...
- Bakewell glass
- glassware produced at the factory completed in 1808 in Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S., by Benjamin Bakewell, an Englishman from Derby who became known as the father of the flint-glass industry in ... [1 Related Articles]
- Bakewell, Benjamin
- (from the article "Bakewell glass") glassware produced at the factory completed in 1808 in Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S., by Benjamin Bakewell, an Englishman from Derby who became known as the father of the flint-glass industry in ...
- Bakewell, John P.
- (from the article "pressed glass") ...mold before it solidified and thereby made it possible for them to shape the glass into intricate forms with elaborate designs. The first commercial glass-pressing machine was developed in 1825 ...
- Bakewell, Robert
- agriculturist who revolutionized sheep and cattle breeding in England by methodical selection, inbreeding, and culling. [1 Related Articles]
- Bakfark, Balint
- lutenist and composer who was the first Hungarian musician to attain a European reputation.
- Bakh, Aleksey Nikolayevich
- (from the article "Oparin, Aleksandr") In his postdoctoral days Oparin was influenced also by A.N. Bakh, a botanist. Bakh left Russia at the time of the Revolution but later returned. Despite the financial difficulties of ...
- Bakhchysaray
- city, southern Crimea, Ukraine, on the Simferopol-Sevastopol railway. Before passing to Russia in 1783, it was the capital of the Crimean khanate. The city has many buildings of historical and ... [1 Related Articles]
- Bakheng
- (from the article "Southeast Asian arts") ...Around the base of the terraced pyramid stood eight large shrines inside the main enclosure, with a series of moats, causeways, and auxiliary sculptures guarding the approaches to the exterior. ...
- Bakhit, Marouf al-
- (from the article "Jordan") ...Palestinian refugees, most of whom hold Jordanian citizenship; excluding 800,000 Iraqi refugees) | Capital: Amman | Head of state and government: King Abdullah II, assisted by Prime Minister Marouf al-Bakhit ...
- Bakhma Dam
- (from the article "Tigris-Euphrates river system") ...between the left-bank junctions with the Great Zab and Little Zab rivers. During flood time, in March and April, the two Zabs double the volume of the Tigris, but their ...
- Bakhmanyar, Abul Hasan
- (from the article "Azerbaijan") In the course of its long history, Azerbaijan has given the world a number of outstanding thinkers, poets, and scientists. Among the medieval scientists and philosophers, Abul Hasan Bakhmanyar (11th ...
- Bakhrushin, S. V.
- (from the article "Siberian Chronicles") ...the chronicles have long been a focus of historians' debate, for they are indeed complex and contradictory. The traditional-but not wholly accepted-hypothesis, proposed by historian S.V. Bakhrushin (1882-1950), is that ...
- Bakhshali manuscript
- (from the article "mathematics, South Asian") ...than their verbal content, because the treatises survive only in copies dating from much later times and reflecting later scribal conventions. There is a striking exception, however, in the Bakhshali ...
- Bakht Khan
- commander in chief of rebel forces in the early stages of the anti-British Indian Mutiny (1857).
- Bakhtiar, Shahpur
- Iranian politician, the last prime minister (Jan. 4-Feb. 11, 1979) under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. [1 Related Articles]
- Bakhtiari rug
- handwoven pile floor covering made under Bakhtyari patronage in certain villages southwest of Esfahan in central Iran. Bakhtiari rugs are symmetrically knotted on a foundation of cotton.
- Bakhtiari, Marjaneh
- (from the article "Literature") ...in sitcom-inspired depictions of social relations was a technique successfully used in first novels by the ethnic Pole Zbigniew Kuklartz in Hjalp jag heter Zbigniew and Iranian-born Marjaneh Bakhtiari in ...
- Bakhtin, Mikhail
- Russian literary theorist and philosopher of language whose wide-ranging ideas significantly influenced Western thinking in cultural history, linguistics, literary theory, and aesthetics. [2 Related Articles]
- Bakhtyari
- one of the nomad peoples of Iran; its chiefs have been among the greatest tribal leaders in Iran and have long been influential in Persian politics. The Bakhtyari population of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Bakhuis Gebergte
- range of hills, west central Suriname, running north-south, about 70 miles (110 km) in length and separating the basins of the Kabalebo and Nickerie rivers (west) from that of the ...
- Baki
- one of the greatest lyric poets of the classical period of Ottoman Turkish literature. [2 Related Articles]
- baking
- process of cooking by dry heat, especially in some kind of oven. It is probably the oldest cooking method. Bakery products, which include bread, rolls, cookies, pies, pastries, and muffins, ... [2 Related Articles]
- baking chocolate
- (from the article "cocoa") Baking (bitter) chocolate, popular for household baking, is pure chocolate liquor made from finely ground nibs, the broken pieces of roasted, shelled cocoa beans. This chocolate, bitter because it contains ...
- baking powder
- (from the article "baking powder") leavening agent (q.v.) used in making baked goods.TABLEfood processing additives and their usesBakiyev, Kurmanbek
- On Aug. 14, 2005, Kurmanbek Bakiyev-who had been serving as interim head of state in Kyrgyzstan since March 25, when his predecessor, Askar Akayev, fled the country amid widespread demonstrations ... [4 Related Articles]
- Bakke decision
- ruling in which, on June 28, 1978, the U.S. Supreme Court declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas. The medical school at the University of California, ... [2 Related Articles]
- Bakke, Allan
- (from the article "Bakke decision") ...quotas. The medical school at the University of California, Davis, as part of the university's affirmative action program, had reserved 16 percent of its admission places for minority applicants. Allan ...
- Bakker, Jim
- (from the article "Falwell, Jerry") ...until his death. In the late 1980s he unsuccessfully sought to revive the PTL (Praise the Lord) Club, the conservative Christian organization and television network of the disgraced televangelist Jim ...
- baklava
- rich Turkish, Greek, and Middle Eastern pastry of phyllo (filo) dough and nuts. Phyllo is a simple flour-and-water dough that is stretched to paper thinness and cut into sheets, a ...
- Bakocz Chapel
- (from the article "Western architecture") ...and in 1467 invited to Hungary briefly the Bolognese architect and engineer Aristotele Fioravanti. The buildings designed for Matthias, such as his hunting lodge of Nyek, have been destroyed. The ...
- Bakocz, Tamas
- archbishop who led a Crusade against the Ottoman Turks in 1514. [1 Related Articles]
- Bakolori Dam
- (from the article "Sokoto") ...and the riverine floodplains produce cash crops of peanuts (groundnuts), cotton, and rice. The upland areas are planted with sorghum, millet, cowpeas, and cassava. The 3-mile- (5-kilometre-) long Bakolori Dam ...
- Bakong
- (from the article "Indravarman I") ...in a relatively limited area. The system eventually made it possible to feed the immense labour force that was necessary for the construction of the temples at Angkor. At Roluos, ...
- Bakony Mountains
- mountain range in western Hungary, covering about 1,500 square miles (4,000 square km) between Lake Balaton and the Little Alfold and running southwest-northeast for 70 miles (110 km) from the ... [3 Related Articles]
- Bakoye River
- river in western Africa, rising in the Fouta Djallon massif of Guinea and flowing generally northeast through the sandstone Mandingues Hills to the Mali border. It then flows north-northwest through ... [2 Related Articles]
- Bakoyiannis, Theodora
- (from the article "Greece") On Feb. 14, 2006, Greek Prime Minister Konstantinos (Kostas) Karamanlis comprehensively reshuffled his government. Key changes included the appointment of Athens Mayor Theodora (Dora) Bakoyiannis as foreign minister and of ...
- Bakr, Ahmad Hassan al-
- president of Iraq from 1968 to 1979. [3 Related Articles]
- Baksar, Battle of
- (Oct. 22, 1764), conflict between the East India Company's forces, commanded by Major Hector Munro, and those of the Mughal emperor, Shah 'Alam; the Mughal governor of Oudh, Shuja' ud-Dawlah; ... [2 Related Articles]
- Bakst, Leon
- Russian artist who revolutionized theatrical design both in scenery and in costume. [1 Related Articles]
- bakteria
- (from the article "crosier") Bishops of the Eastern churches carry the bakteria (dikanikion), a pastoral staff with either a tau cross or two serpents facing each other on top.
- Baku
- city, capital of Azerbaijan. It lies on the western shore of the Caspian Sea and the southern side of the Abseron Peninsula, around the wide, curving sweep of the Bay ... [7 Related Articles]
- Baku rug
- handwoven floor covering made in the vicinity of Baku, Azerbaijan, a major port on the Caspian Sea. Rugs have been woven in this area since at least the 18th century ...
- Baku Stage
- (from the article "Caspian Sea") Since Late Pliocene times glaciers have advanced and retreated across the Russian Plain, and the Caspian Sea itself-in successive phases known as Baku, Khazar, and Khvalyn-alternately shrank and expanded. This ...
- Baku, Bay of
- (from the article "Baku") city, capital of Azerbaijan. It lies on the western shore of the Caspian Sea and the southern side of the Abseron Peninsula, around the wide, curving sweep of the Bay ...
- Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline
- (from the article "Azerbaijan") Azerbaijan registered a 34.5% increase in GDP during 2006. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan export pipeline for Azerbaijan's Caspian oil was formally inaugurated on July 13 and the South Caucasus Gas Pipeline in ...
- bakuhan
- (from the article "Japan") The bakuhan systemJapanThe last years of the bakuhanThe last years of the
- Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich
- chief propagator of 19th-century anarchism, a prominent Russian revolutionary agitator, and a prolific political writer. His quarrel with Karl Marx split the anarchist and Marxist wings of the revolutionary socialist ... [12 Related Articles]
- Bal'ami
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...too, loved to illustrate the most unlikely tales and pieces of information given in such works. Historical writing proper had been begun by the Persians as early as the late ...
- Bala
- (from the article "sexual behaviour, human") ...In one Polynesian group, the usual frequency of marital coitus among individuals in their late 20s was 10 to 12 per week, and in their late 40s the frequency had ...
- Bala
- market town, Gwynedd county, historic county of Merioneth (Meirionnydd), Wales, in Snowdonia National Park at the northern end of mountain-girt Bala Lake (Llyn Tegid), the largest natural lake in Wales. ...
- bala
- (from the article "totemism") ..."flesh," is transmitted from the mother. In contrast to this, individual totems belong only to the medicine men and are passed on patrilineally. Such an individual totem is named bala, ...
- Bala Calvinistic Methodist College
- (from the article "Edwards, Lewis") After ordination in 1837, Edwards married the granddaughter of Thomas Charles of Bala, a Methodist clergyman and Welsh Bible editor. With his brother-in-law David Charles, he opened the Bala Calvinistic ...
- Bala Hissar
- (from the article "Peshawar") Peshawar's historic buildings include Bala Hissar, a fort built by the Sikhs on the ruins of the state residence of the Durranis, which was destroyed by them after the battle ...
- bala system
- (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") ...by him to other provinces. Each of these provinces was obliged to pay a yearly tribute, the amount of which was negotiated by emissaries. Of special significance in this was ...
- Balaam
- a non-Israelite prophet described in the Old Testament (Num. 22-24) as a diviner who is importuned by Balak, the king of Moab, to place a malediction on the people of ... [2 Related Articles]
- Balabac
- island, extreme southwestern Philippines. It is located about 19 miles (30 km) southwest of the southern tip of Palawan island, and hardly twice that north of Borneo. Balabac rises to ...
- Baladhuri, al-
- Arabic historian best known for his history of the formation of the Arab Muslim empire.
- baladiyyun
- (from the article "Spain") ...the Christian fold. Thus, in the first half of the 8th century, a new society developed in Muslim Spain. The Arabs were the ruling element; a distinction was made between ...
- Balaenicipitidae
- (from the article "shoebill") large African wading bird, a single species that constitutes the family Balaenicipitidae (order Ciconiiformes). The species is named for its clog-shaped bill, which is an adaptation for catching and holding ...
- balafon
- (from the article "Central African Republic") ...the expansion of crafts, however, and most of them disappeared. Today woven mats and baskets, simple wooden utensils, carved stools, pottery, and musical instruments, including the balafon (much like a ...
- Balafrej, Ahmad
- (from the article "Morocco") ...1944 the party submitted to the sultan and the Allied (including the French) authorities a memorandum asking for independence under a constitutional regime. The nationalist leaders, including Ahmad Balafrej, secretary ...
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