| | - ben oil
- (from the article "horseradish tree") ...angled daggerlike fruits sometimes grow to 45 cm (18 inches) long. Flowers, pods, leaves, and even twigs are cooked and eaten. A horseradish-flavoured condiment is prepared from the crushed roots. ...
- Ben Rinnes
- mountain in the Moray council area, Scotland, situated 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Keith and about 5 miles (8 km) east of the confluence of the Rivers Avon and ...
- Ben Sira
- (from the article "Ecclesiasticus") The text is the only apocryphal work whose author is known. It was written in Hebrew in Palestine around 180-175 BC by Ben Sira, who was probably a scribe well-versed ...
- Ben Slimane
- town, north-central Morocco. The town, a local market centre, is situated 12 miles (20 km) inland from the Atlantic Ocean between the cities of Rabat and Casablanca. It lies at ...
- Ben Thuy
- town, northern Vietnam, on the Ca River, just southeast of the urban centre of Vinh. Just upstream from where the Ca River enters the Gulf of Tonkin where it meets ...
- Ben Tre
- city on the flat Mekong River delta, southern Vietnam. Ben Tre is linked by highway and ferry boat to Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) 53 miles (85 km) to ...
- Ben Vorlich
- (from the article "Dunbartonshire") ...The larger western section is an area of steep hills descending to the shores of Loch Lomond, the River Clyde, Gare Loch, and Loch Long. The highest of these, northwest ...
- Ben Wyvis
- mountain in the northern Highlands, Highland council area, Scotland, whose summit stands some 9 miles (14 km) northwest of Dingwall on the Cromarty Firth, which is an inlet of the ...
- Ben Youssef, Salah
- (from the article "Democratic Constitutional Rally") ...Tunisia, and in 1959 he was overwhelmingly voted president. Internally, however, the Neo-Destour had begun to split in the early 1950s, one group supporting Bourguiba, the other aligning itself with ...
- Ben, Jorge
- (from the article "Performing Arts") ...London. Both appeared at the London festival, as did Os Mutantes, the celebrated psychedelic rock band of the era, whose members performed together for the first time in 33 years. ...
- Ben-Aharon, Yitzhak
- Israeli politician (b. July 17, 1906, Bukovina territory, Austria-Hungary [now in Romania]-d. May 19, 2006, Kibbutz Givat Haim, Israel), as an influential and often controversial member of Israel's political left ...
- Ben-Gurion, David
- Zionist statesman and political leader, the first prime minister (1948-53, 1955-63) and defense minister (1948-53; 1955-63) of Israel. It was Ben-Gurion who, on May 14, 1948, at Tel Aviv, delivered ... [12 Related Articles]
- Ben-hadad I
- king of Damascus who led a coalition against the invading forces of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III, repulsing them at Karkar in 853. In a battle with him King Ahab ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ben-Zvi Institute
- (from the article "Ben-Zvi, Itzhak") ...in 1952, a position he held until his death. Also a noted scholar of Middle Eastern history and archaeology, he founded the Institute for Research of Jewish Middle Eastern Communities ...
- Ben-Zvi, Itzhak
- second president of Israel (1952-63) and an early Zionist leader in Palestine, who helped create the political, economic, and military institutions basic to the formation of the state of Israel. [1 Related Articles]
- Benacantil Hill
- (from the article "Alicante") The city is dominated by Benacantil Hill (721 feet [220 metres]) and the citadel of Santa Barbara (1,000 feet [305 metres]), the earliest foundations of which date from 230 BC. ...
- Benacerraf, Baruj
- Venezuelan-born American pathologist and immunologist who shared (with George Snell and Jean Dausset) the 1980 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of genes that regulate immune responses ...
- Benadir
- traditional coastal region, southern Somalia, on the Horn of Africa. The name, from Persian bandar, "port," refers to the voyages of Persian and Arab traders to eastern Africa across the ...
- Benalcazar, Sebastian de
- Spanish conqueror of Nicaragua, Ecuador, and southwestern Colombia. He captured Quito and founded the cities of Guayaquil in Ecuador and Popayan in Colombia. [2 Related Articles]
- Benalla
- city, central Victoria, Australia, on the Broken River. Founded in 1848 on an overland stock route after Sir Thomas Mitchell's exploration of the area, its name is derived from an ...
- Benard cell
- (from the article "fluid mechanics") ...perhaps it would be more accurate to say that it is metastable-even though it is warmer at the bottom than at the top. However, when 1,708 is exceeded, a pattern ...
- Benaud, Richie
- cricketer who is best remembered as one of Australia's most imaginative captains. Benaud made his debut in first-class cricket at the age of 18 and first appeared in Test (international) ...
- Benavente y Martinez, Jacinto
- one of the foremost Spanish dramatists of the 20th century, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1922. He returned drama to reality by way of social criticism: ... [1 Related Articles]
- Benavides, Oscar
- (from the article "Peru") Sanchez Cerro's successor (1933-39) was Gen. Oscar Benavides, who restored confidence in the economy. He also settled a dangerous boundary controversy with Colombia over the port of Leticia on the ...
- Benbecula
- island of the Outer Hebrides, Western Isles council area, historic county of Inverness-shire, Scotland. Benbecula, whose name means "Mountain of the Fords" in Gaelic, lies between the islands of North ... [1 Related Articles]
- Benbow, John
- English admiral who became a popular hero through his exploits against the French and his death in active service.
- Bence-Jones protein
- (from the article "blood disease") ...monoclonal immunoglobulin. In some cases, a component of immunoglobulin, the light chain, may be produced in excess. These light chains appear in the urine, and in multiple myeloma they are ...
- bench
- (from the article "mining") Deposits mined by open-pit techniques are generally divided into horizontal layers called benches. The thickness (that is, the height) of the benches depends on the type of deposit, the mineral ...
- bench
- long seat that may be freestanding, fixed to the wall, or placed against the wall. Paneled benches were used by the Romans, and they were the most common form of ...
- bench mark
- (from the article "surveying") Bench marks, or marked points on the Earth's surface, connected by precise leveling constitute the vertical controls of surveying. The elevations of bench marks are given in terms of their ...
- bench plane
- (from the article "hand tool") Planes can be divided into two main categories: the first, typified by the common bench plane, consists of a straight iron and a flat sole and is used for working ...
- bench press
- (from the article "powerlifting") A competition consists of three lifts. The squat, or deep knee bend, where the top of the lifter's thighs must drop to or below parallel with the ground, demonstrates leg ...
- bench stop
- (from the article "hand tool") ...early methods, still in use, were devised for holding the workpiece. The simplest procedure was to use wooden pegs set into holes in the bench top; the other was to ...
- Bench, Johnny
- American professional baseball player who, in 17 seasons with the Cincinnati Reds of the National League, established himself as one of the game's finest catchers. He won 10 consecutive Gold ...
- Bencheikh, Jamal Eddine
- (from the article "Literature") The 2005 Naguib Mahfouz Medal was awarded to Egyptian writer Yusuf Abu Rayyah for his 2002 novel Laylat 'urs ("Wedding Night"). Algerian intellectual and poet Jamal Eddine Bencheikh (1930-2005) died ...
- Benchley, Peter Bradford
- American writer (b. May 8, 1940, New York, N.Y.-d. Feb. 11, 2006, Princeton, N.J.), was the author of the novel Jaws (1974), which sold more than 20 million copies and ...
- Benchley, Robert
- American humorist, actor, and drama critic, whose main persona, that of a slightly confused, ineffectual, socially awkward bumbler, served in his essays and short films to gain him the sobriquet ...
- Benckendorff, Aleksandr Khristoforovich, Count
- (Graf) general and statesman who played a prominent role in the Napoleonic Wars and later served as Tsar Nicholas I's chief of police. [3 Related Articles]
- Bend
- city, seat (1916) of Deschutes county, central Oregon, U.S. It lies along the Deschutes River, in the eastern foothills of the Cascade Range (west), and is bordered by Pilot Butte ...
- bend
- (from the article "heraldry") ...as numbering about 20. Among them are: the chief, being the top third of the shield; the pale, a third of the shield, drawn perpendicularly through the centre; the bend, ...
- Benda, Frantisek
- an outstanding violinist of 18th-century Germany whose playing was celebrated for its cantabile (singing) quality and sophisticated embellishments.
- Benda, Friedrich Ludwig
- (from the article "Benda, Georg") Benda's son Friedrich Ludwig Benda (1752-92) was a composer of theatrical music, cantatas, and instrumental works.
- Benda, Friedrich William Heinrich
- (from the article "Benda, Frantisek") ...him in 1742. He became concertmaster of the royal orchestra in 1771. His compositions include 17 violin concerti, 17 symphonies, and numerous violin solos, trio sonatas, and violin sonatas. His ...
- Benda, Georg
- composer widely admired during his lifetime for his stage works. [2 Related Articles]
- Benda, Julien
- novelist and philosopher, leader of the anti-Romantic movement in French criticism, persistent defender of reason and intellect against the philosophical intuitionism of Henri Bergson. [1 Related Articles]
- Benda, Vaclav
- Czech philosopher, mathematician, writer, and politician who was a prominent member of the dissident group Charter 77, which played a leading role in the Velvet Revolution, a popular upheaval that ...
- Benda, Wladyslaw Theodor
- Polish-American painter, illustrator, and designer.
- bendahara
- in the traditional Malay states, the chief minister, second only to the sultan in rank, power, and authority; the office of bendahara (a Sanskrit title) grew in importance during the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Bendall, Fay
- (from the article "photosynthesis") ...features of a widely accepted mechanism for photoelectron transfer, in which two light reactions occur during the transfer of electrons from water to carbon dioxide, were proposed by Robert Hill ...
- benday process
- (from the article "photoengraving") An entirely mechanical procedure for production of a halftone image on a metal printing plate is the benday process (1879), named after its inventor, Benjamin Day, a New York newspaper ...
- Bendel
- (from the article "Edo") Edo state was formed in 1991 from the northern portion of Bendel state, the southern portion becoming Delta state. Prior to this, in 1963, the citizens of the territory had ...
- Bender, Charles Albert
- American professional baseball player, a right-handed pitcher. He is credited with the invention of the pitch known as the slider.
- Bendideia
- (from the article "Bendis") ...gained prominence only in Athens. At the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War, the Athenians allowed the founding of a sanctuary for the goddess and shortly afterward created a state festival, ...
- Bendigo
- English bare-knuckle boxer who became a Methodist evangelist and who is one of the few athletes whose name is borne by a city-Bendigo in Victoria, Australia. His nickname apparently is ... [1 Related Articles]
- Bendigo
- city, central Victoria, Australia, in the central upland area of the state; it is about 93 miles (150 km) northwest of Melbourne by road.
- bending
- (from the article "Properties of Certain Species of Wood") ...of a beam treated as a linear elastic line may also be considered. Let the line along the 1-axis (see Figure 7), have properties that are uniform along its length ...
- bending moment
- (from the article "solids, mechanics of") ...of decreasing X1 be denoted as a shear force V in the positive 2-direction, an axial force P in the positive 1-direction, and torque M, commonly called a bending moment, ...
- bending moment curve
- (from the article "ship") ...along the hull, and the resulting curve is integrated over the entire ship's length to give what is known as the shear curve. In turn, the shear curve is integrated ...
- bending structure
- (from the article "building construction") ...which experience either pure tension or pure compression. Since bridges are a common type of long-span structure, there has been an interplay of development between bridges and long-span buildings. Bending ...
- bending test
- (from the article "papermaking") The resistance of paper to a bending force is evident in the various operations of its manufacture and in its many uses. The range in this property extends from very ...
- bending vibration
- (from the article "chemical compound") ...as the line directly joining two bonded atoms) of one bond may rock back and forth within the plane it shares with another bond or bend back and forth outside ...
- Bendis
- Thracian goddess of the moon; the Greeks usually identified her with the goddess Artemis. She is often represented holding two spears.
- Bendix Corporation
- former American corporation founded in 1924 to manufacture automobile brake systems. In 1983 it became a subsidiary of Allied Corporation (see AlliedSignal), which merged with Honeywell in 1999. For much ... [2 Related Articles]
- Bendix, Reinhard
- (from the article "monarchy") ...the monarchs' traditional supremacy, anchored in their lineage as descendants of war heroes and of leading notables, gradually weakened in favour of what the German-born American sociologist Reinhard Bendix called ...
- Bendix, Vincent
- American inventor and industrialist who contributed to the development of automobiles and aircraft. [1 Related Articles]
- Bendjedid, Chadli
- (from the article "National Liberation Front") Despite the convening of various congresses throughout the 1980s, the role of the FLN was not significantly increased under the presidency of Col. Chadli Bendjedid. A new constitution approved in ...
- Bendorf Bridge
- (from the article "bridge") During the years after World War II, a German engineer and builder, Ulrich Finsterwalder, developed the cantilever method of construction with prestressed concrete. Finsterwalder's Bendorf Bridge over the Rhine at ...
- Bene Beraq
- city, northeastern suburb of Tel Aviv-Yafo, west central Israel, in the southern Plain of Sharon. In Assyrian texts, Bene Beraq is listed as a city that fell to Sennacherib, king ... [1 Related Articles]
- Bene Israel
- the largest and oldest of several groups of Jews of India. Believed by tradition to have shipwrecked on the Konkan coast of western India more than 2,100 years ago, they ... [1 Related Articles]
- Bene, Carmelo
- (from the article "Italian literature") ...the commedia dell'arte Dario Fo, whose 1997 Nobel Prize for Literature knocked the conservative Italian literary world on its ear. Those with the necessary stamina can admire the intense presence ...
- Benedek, Ludwig August, Ritter von
- (knight of) Austrian field marshal whose defeat at the Battle of Koniggratz (Battle of Sadowa) on July 3, 1866, was decisive in the emergence of Prussia as the predominant German ... [1 Related Articles]
- Beneden, Edouard van
- Belgian embryologist and cytologist best known for his discoveries concerning fertilization and chromosome numbers in sex cells and body cells. [1 Related Articles]
- Beneden, Pierre-Joseph van
- parasitologist and paleontologist best known for his discovery of the life cycle of tapeworms (Cestoda). [2 Related Articles]
- Benedetti, Mario
- Uruguayan writer who is best known for his short stories.
- Benedetti, Vincent, Comte
- (Count) French diplomat remembered chiefly for his role in the events leading up to the Franco-German War in 1870. [1 Related Articles]
- Benedetto da Maiano
- early Renaissance sculptor, whose work is characterized by its decorative elegance and realistic detail.
- Benedick
- the young lord of Padua in Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing. Together, Benedick and Beatrice wage a "merry war" of wits in which love triumphs over all. [2 Related Articles]
- Benedicks, Michael
- (from the article "Carleson, Lennart") ...of the 2006 Abel Prize "for his profound and seminal contributions to harmonic analysis and the theory of smooth dynamical systems." These include his work with Swedish mathematician Michael Benedicks ...
- Benedict (X)
- antipope from April 1058 to January 1059. His expulsion from the papal throne, on which he had been placed through the efforts of the powerful Tusculani family of Rome, was ... [3 Related Articles]
- Benedict (XIII)
- antipope from 1394 to 1417. He reigned in Avignon, Provence, in opposition to the reigning popes in Rome, during the Western Schism (1378-1417), when the Roman Catholic Church was split ... [10 Related Articles]
- Benedict (XIV)
- counter-antipope from 1425 to c. 1430.
- Benedict Biscop, Saint
- founder and first abbot of the celebrated twin monasteries of SS. Peter (at Wearmouth) and Paul (at Jarrow on Tyne, nearby); he is considered to be the father of Benedictine ... [3 Related Articles]
- Benedict I
- pope from 575 to 579.
- Benedict II, Saint
- pope from 684 to 685.
- Benedict III
- pope from 855 to 858, who was chosen as successor to Leo IV in July 855. The election was not immediately confirmed by the Holy Roman emperor Louis II the ...
- Benedict IV
- pope from 900 to 903. Benedict reigned during one of the darkest periods of papal history, when Rome was torn by partisan conflict over the memory of the posthumously excommunicated ...
- Benedict IX
- pope three times, from 1032 to 1044, from April to May 1045, and from 1047 to 1048. The last of the popes from the powerful Tusculani family, he was notorious ... [4 Related Articles]
- Benedict of Albano
- (from the article "Sergius II") Sergius' pontificate was dominated by his brother, Bishop Benedict of Albano, to whom, partly because of his severe gout, he delegated most of the papal business. Benedict proved opportunistic, however, ...
- Benedict of Aniane, Saint
- (from the article "France") ...originated in Italy. The monasteries suffered from the upheavals affecting the church in the 8th century, and the Carolingians attempted to reform them. Louis the Pious, acting on the advice ...
- Benedict of Nursia, Saint
- founder of the Benedictine monastery at Monte Cassino and father of Western monasticism; the rule that he established became the norm for monastic living throughout Europe. In 1964, in view ... [13 Related Articles]
- Benedict the Pole
- (from the article "Giovanni Da Pian Del Carpini") ...by Stephen of Bohemia, another friar, who was subsequently to be left behind at Kiev. After seeking counsel of Wenceslaus, king of Bohemia, the friars were joined at Breslau (now ...
- Benedict V
- pope, or antipope, from May 22, 964, to June 23, 964, when he was deposed. His election by the Romans on the death of Pope John XII infuriated the Holy ...
- Benedict VI
- pope from Jan. 19, 973, to July 974. [1 Related Articles]
- Benedict VII
- pope from 974 to 983. He furthered the cause of monasticism and acted against simony, specifically in an encyclical letter in 981 forbidding the exaction of money for the conferring ... [1 Related Articles]
- Benedict VIII
- pope from 1012 to 1024, the first of several pontiffs from the powerful Tusculani family. [3 Related Articles]
- Benedict XI, Blessed
- pope from 1303 to 1304. His brief reign was taken up with problems he inherited from the quarrel of his predecessor, Boniface VIII, with King Philip IV the Fair of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Benedict XII
- original name Jacques Fournier pope from 1334 to 1342; he was the third pontiff to reign at Avignon, where he devoted himself to reform of the church and its religious ... [2 Related Articles]
- Benedict XIII
- original name Pietro Francesco Vincenzo Maria Orsini pope from 1724 to 1730.
- Benedict XIV
- original name Prospero Lambertini pope from 1740 to 1758; his intelligence and moderation won praise even among deprecators of the Roman Church at a time when it was beset by ... [5 Related Articles]
- Benedict XV
- pope from 1914 to 1922. [6 Related Articles]
- Benedict XVI
- the bishop of Rome and the head of the Roman Catholic Church from 2005. Prior to his election as pope, Benedict led a distinguished career as a theologian and as ... [16 Related Articles]
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