| | - beetling
- (from the article "textile") Beetling is a process applied to linen fabrics and to cotton fabrics made to resemble linen to produce a hard, flat surface with high lustre and also to make texture ...
- Beeton, Samuel
- (from the article "publishing, history of") In 1852 a wider market began to be tapped by The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine, a monthly issued by Samuel Beeton at twopence instead of the usual one shilling; it was ...
- Beets, Nicolaas
- Dutch pastor and writer whose Camera obscura is a classic of Dutch literature. [1 Related Articles]
- Befana
- in Italian tradition, the old woman who fills children's stockings with gifts on Epiphany (Twelfth Night). Too busy to accompany the Three Wise Men on their journey to adore the ... [1 Related Articles]
- before Christ
- (from the article "biblical literature") Though the fact that Jesus was a historical person has been stressed, significant, too, is the fact that a full biography of accurate chronology is not possible. The New Testament ...
- Before Common Era
- (from the article "Jewish calendar") ...a leap year may total from 383 to 385 days. The Jewish Era in use today was popularly accepted about the 9th century CE and is based on biblical calculations ...
- Beg-tse
- (from the article "Beg-tse") in Tibetan Buddhism, one of the fierce protective deities, the dharmapalas. See dharmapala.Beg-tseBeg-tse.Tibetan Museum Society
- Bega
- town of the South Coast region, New South Wales, Australia, where the Bemboka and Brogo rivers unite to form the short Bega River. Settled in 1839 and gazetted a town ...
- beganna
- (from the article "African music") ...yoke lutes, the strings running from a yoke supported by two side arms. Their distribution in Africa is confined to the northeast. In Ethiopia two types occur: the large
- Begas, Reinhold
- artist who dominated Prussian sculpture for a generation after 1870.
- Begg-Smith, Dale
- (from the article "Skiing") Despite the problems, it was another season of brilliant skiing for Canadian Jenn Heil and Dale Begg-Smith, the Canadian who skied for Australia. The 2006 Olympic moguls champions successfully defended ...
- Beggar-My-Neighbour
- (from the article "card game") ...ignore any distinction between suits. Gambling games of the vying, or poker, type are known from the 16th century, as is noddy, the ancestor of cribbage. Many so-called children's games, ...
- Beghards
- (from the article "Europe, history of") ...nor clerical in any other sense. The most notable of these was the Beguines, an order of devout women (and occasionally, but more rarely, men, who lived in all-male communities ...
- Begin, Menachem
- Zionist leader who was prime minister of Israel from 1977 to 1983. Begin was the co-recipient, with Egyptian president Anwar el-Sadat, of the 1978 Nobel Prize for Peace for their ... [18 Related Articles]
- beginning rhyme
- in literature, the rhyme at the beginning of successive lines of verse. Lines 3 and 4 of Robert Herrick's "To Daffodils" demonstrate beginning rhyme: As yet the early-rising sunHas not ...
- Begley, Ed
- (from the article "1962: Best Supporting Actor") Other Nominees
- Bego, Monte
- (from the article "Western sculpture") ...found between altitudes of 5,000 and 5,600 feet (1,500 and 1,700 metres) in the Val Camonica, north of the town of Brescia. This art is found again further west, in ...
- begonia
- (genus Begonia, family Begoniaceae), any of about 1,000 species of mostly rather succulent plants, many with colourful flowers or leaves and used as pot plants indoors or as garden plants. ... [2 Related Articles]
- Begonia masoniana
- (from the article "houseplant") ...among houseplants, but, with few exceptions, they require more humidity and fresh air than the modern home provides. Begonia metallica, with its olive-green, silver-haired foliage; B. masoniana, with beautiful green, ...
- Begonia metallica
- (from the article "houseplant") Begonias, with their often very decorative leaves, have long been favourites among houseplants, but, with few exceptions, they require more humidity and fresh air than the modern home provides. Begonia ...
- Begonia phyllomaniaca
- (from the article "malformation") An extreme example of adventitious shoot formation is found in Begonia phyllomaniaca after shock. In this instance, small plantlets develop spontaneously in incredible numbers from the superficial cell layers of ...
- Begonia serratipetala
- (from the article "houseplant") ...and fresh air than the modern home provides. Begonia metallica, with its olive-green, silver-haired foliage; B. masoniana, with beautiful green, puckered leaves splotched brown; and B. serratipetala, with small leaves ...
- Begoniaceae
- the begonia family of flowering plants in the order Cucurbitales. The Begoniaceae consists of two genera: Begonia, with some 1,000 species, and Hillebrandia, with one species. The family is distributed ... [1 Related Articles]
- Beguines
- women in the cities of northern Europe who, beginning in the Middle Ages, led lives of religious devotion without joining an approved religious order. [2 Related Articles]
- Begusarai
- city, north-central Bihar state, northeastern India. It is situated in the Middle Ganges Plain, just north of the Ganges River. The name Begusarai is derived from serai (Persian, meaning "travelers' ...
- Behaghel, Otto
- language scholar who specialized in studies of the German language and whose Deutsche Syntax, 4 vol. (1923-32; "German Syntax"), is a massive compilation and classification of examples of German linguistic ...
- Behagle, Philippe
- (from the article "Beauvais tapestry") any product of the tapestry factory established in 1664 in Beauvais, Fr., by two Flemish weavers, Louis Hinart and Philippe Behagle. Although it was under the patronage of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, ...
- Behaim, Martin
- navigator and geographer whose Nurnberg Terrestrial Globe is the earliest globe extant. [2 Related Articles]
- Beham, Barthel
- (from the article "Beham, Hans Sebald") The Kleinmeister also included Beham's younger brother, Barthel Beham (1502-40), and Georg Pencz (c. 1500-50). All three artists, noted for their brilliant work on extremely small copper plates, grew up ...
- Beham, Hans Sebald
- German engraver who was the most prolific of the Kleinmeister (German: "Little Masters") of engraving, so called because they produced small prints. [1 Related Articles]
- Behan, Brendan
- Irish author noted for his earthy satire and powerful political commentary. [2 Related Articles]
- Behanzin
- (from the article "Benin") ...secure cession of the port of Cotonou, between Ouidah and Porto-Novo, were also negotiated with the Dahomean authorities in 1868 and 1878, though Cotonou was not actually occupied until 1890. ...
- behavioral ecology
- (from the article "ecology") Behavioral ecology examines the ecological factors that drive behavioral adaptations. The subject considers how individuals find their food and avoid their enemies. For example, why do some birds migrate (see ...
- behavioral science
- any of various disciplines dealing with the subject of human actions, usually including the fields of sociology, social and cultural anthropology, psychology, and behavioral aspects of biology, economics, geography, law, ... [3 Related Articles]
- behavioralism
- (from the article "political science") Behavioralism, which was one of the dominant approaches in the 1950s and '60s, is the view that the subject matter of political science should be limited to phenomena that are ...
- behaviour
- (from the article "Spence, Kenneth Wartinbee") American psychologist who attempted to construct a comprehensive theory of behaviour to encompass conditioning and other simple forms of learning and behaviour modification.animal behaviourbehaviourism
- behaviour genetics
- the study of the influence of an organism's genetic composition on its behaviour and the interaction of heredity and environment insofar as they affect behaviour. The question of the determinants ... [4 Related Articles]
- behaviour therapy
- the application of experimentally derived principles of learning to the treatment of psychological disorders. The concept derives primarily from work of the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov, who published extensively in ... [5 Related Articles]
- behaviourism
- (from the article "Simon, Herbert A.") He is best known for his work on the theory of corporate decision making known as "behaviourism." In his influential book Administrative Behavior (1947), Simon sought to replace the highly ...
- behaviourism
- a highly influential academic school of psychology that dominated psychological theory between the two world wars. Classical behaviourism, prevalent in the first third of the 20th century, was concerned exclusively ... [28 Related Articles]
- Behbehan
- town, southwestern Iran, in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains near the Marun River. The largely mountainous county extends to Mt. Dinar and has tribal populations. The town prospers through ...
- Behe, Michael
- (from the article "Intelligent Design-Scientific Concept or Religious View?") The ID movement took shape in the early 1990s with the work of Phillip Johnson, a legal scholar, and first came to national attention in 1996, when Michael Behe, a ...
- beheading
- a mode of executing capital punishment by which the head is severed from the body. The ancient Greeks and Romans regarded it as a most honourable form of death. Before ... [3 Related Articles]
- Behemoth
- in the Old Testament, a powerful, grass-eating animal whose "bones are tubes of bronze, his limbs like bars of iron" (Job 40:18). Among various Jewish legends, one relates that the ...
- Beheshti, Mohammad Hosayn
- Iranian cleric who played a key role in establishing Iran as an Islamic republic in 1979. As a Shi'ite religious scholar of some note, he was addressed with the honorific ...
- behind
- (from the article "Australian rules football") ...(10 feet), with each one placed at the side of a goalpost at a distance of 6.4 metres. The line between the goalposts is called the goal line, and this ...
- Behn, Aphra
- English dramatist, novelist, and poet who was the first Englishwoman known to earn her living by writing.
- Behn, Hernand
- (from the article "ITT Corporation") ITT was founded in 1920 by Sosthenes Behn and his brother Hernand Behn as a holding company for their Caribbean-based telephone and telegraph companies; it received its name in imitation ...
- Behn, Sosthenes
- telephone executive, president and founder, with his brother Hernand, of the International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation (itt), one of the largest communications companies in the world. [1 Related Articles]
- Behnes, William
- (from the article "Western sculpture") ...an international reputation. The last generation of Neoclassicists included the sculptors Sir Richard Westmacott, John Bacon the Younger, Sir Francis Chantrey, Edward Hodges Baily, John Gibson, and William Behnes.
- Behr, Edward Samuel
- British journalist and author covered wars in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, as well as such international emergencies as the 1962 Cuban missile crisis, in his role as a ...
- Behramoglu, Ataol
- (from the article "Turkish literature") ...include Evet isyan (1969; "Yes, Rebellion") and Celladima gulumserken (1984; "While Smiling at My Executioner"). Ataol Behramoglu studied in Ankara and Moscow as well ...
- Behrens, Peter
- architect noted for his influential role in the development of modern architecture in Germany. In addition, he was a pioneer in the field of industrial design. [5 Related Articles]
- Behring, Emil von
- German bacteriologist who was one of the founders of immunology. In 1901 he received the first Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on serum therapy, particularly for ... [4 Related Articles]
- Behrman, S.N.
- American short-story writer and playwright best known for popular Broadway plays that commented on contemporary moral issues. Behrman wrote about the wealthy, intellectual sector of society, endowing his characters with ...
- Behzad
- major Persian painter whose style as a miniaturist and work as a teacher were vital influences on Persian Islamic painting. [7 Related Articles]
- Bei Dao
- Chinese poet and writer of fiction who was commonly considered the most influential poet in China during the 1980s; he went into exile in 1989. [1 Related Articles]
- Bei Hai Park
- (from the article "Beijing") Bei Hai Park lies to the northwest of the Forbidden City. It covers some 170 acres (70 hectares), half of which is water. The focus is on Bei Hai, the ...
- Bei River
- river in central Guangdong province, southeastern China. It is formed by the union of two smaller rivers, the Wu and the Zhen, at Shaoguan, in northern Guangdong. The Bei flows ... [1 Related Articles]
- Beiderbecke, Bix
- American jazz cornetist who was an outstanding improviser and composer of the 1920s and whose style is characterized by lyricism and purity of tone. He was the first major white ... [2 Related Articles]
- Beiderwand
- (from the article "textile") Double-woven cloths have been used for clothing, but, though warm, they tend to be heavy and to drape poorly. They are most often used as bedcovers or wall hangings. German ...
- Beier, Ulli
- (from the article "Oceanic literature") ...of the writers featured in the newspaper formed the South Pacific Creative Arts Society, which then established the literary magazine Mana. At about the same time, Ulli ...
- Beihai
- city and port, southern Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi, China. For a time the city was in Guangdong province, but in 1965 it became part of Guangxi. It is located ... [1 Related Articles]
- Beijerinck, Martinus W.
- (from the article "microbiology") Two great pioneer soil microbiologists were Martinus W. Beijerinck (1851-1931), a Dutchman, and Sergey N. Winogradsky (1856-1953), a Russian. These researchers isolated and identified new types of bacteria from soil, ...
- Beijing
- city, province-level shi (municipality), and capital of the People's Republic of China. Few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and ... [25 Related Articles]
- Beijing 2008 Olympic Games: Mount Olympus Meets the Middle Kingdom
- The Games of the XXIX Olympiad, involving some 200 Olympic committees and as many as 13,000 accredited athletes competing in 28 different sports, were auspiciously scheduled to begin at 8:08 ...
- Beijing Convention
- (from the article "Opium Wars") ...the treaties, and the allies resumed hostilities, captured Beijing, and plundered and then burned the Yuanming Garden, one of the emperor's palaces, in 1860. Later that year the Chinese signed ...
- Beijing General Post Office
- (from the article "Beijing") The headquarters of the Beijing General Post Office is located on the east side of Tiananmen Square. It provides more comprehensive services than do post offices in Western cities, handling ...
- Beijing Municipal People's Congress
- (from the article "Beijing") ...structure is that of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). As in all of China, real power in Beijing is held by the local CCP, but local government institutions perform various ...
- Beijing Spring
- (from the article "education") After Mao's death and the repudiation of the radical extremists, the intellectuals began to grow stronger. A movement called "Beijing (Peking) Spring" was launched in November 1978. Huge wall-posters condemning ...
- Beilby family
- (from the article "glassware") ...associated with the name of Michael Edkins, a Bristol artist, but in fact done in many parts of the country. Perhaps the most original work in this medium was done ...
- Beilby, Sir George Thomas
- British industrial chemist who developed the process of manufacturing potassium cyanide by passing ammonia over a heated mixture of charcoal and potassium carbonate. This process helped meet the increased demand ...
- Beilschmiedia
- (from the article "Laurales") ...Cryptocarya and Cinnamomum (the source of camphor and the spice cinnamon) contain about 350 species each; Persea (including the avocado plant) has about 200 species; and Beilschmiedia contains about 250 ...
- Beilstein, Friedrich Konrad
- chemist who compiled the Handbuch der organischen Chemie, 2 vol. (1880-83; "Handbook of Organic Chemistry"), an indispensable tool for the organic chemist.
- Being
- (from the article "Aristotle") For Aristotle, "being" is whatever is anything whatever. Whenever Aristotle explains the meaning of being, he does so by explaining the sense of the Greek verb to be. Being contains ...
- Beinum, Eduard van
- Dutch conductor, pianist, and violist who led orchestras in Europe and the United States.
- Beipiao
- mining town, western Liaoning sheng (province), northeastern China. It is located northwest of Daling Stream and east of the Nuluerhu Mountains and is the site of a ...
- Beira
- port city, central Mozambique. Beira is situated on the Mozambique Channel (Indian Ocean) at the mouths of the Pungoe and Buzi rivers. It was founded in 1891 as the headquarters ... [2 Related Articles]
- Beira
- (from the article "Romance languages") There are five main Portuguese dialect groups, all mutually intelligible: (1) Northern, or Galician, (2) Central, or Beira, (3) Southern (Estremenho, including Lisbon, Alentejo, and Algarve), (4) Insular, including the ...
- Beira
- former principality and historical province, north-central Portugal, extending from the banks of the Douro River in the north to the upper course of the Tagus in the southeast and from ... [1 Related Articles]
- Beira Alta
- (from the article "Portugal") Beyond the mountains of the Minho is Tras-os-Montes, which is bordered on two sides by Spain. In the region south of the Douro, which is also the western extension of ...
- Beira Baixa
- (from the article "Portugal") ...of the Minho is Tras-os-Montes, which is bordered on two sides by Spain. In the region south of the Douro, which is also the western extension of the Spanish Meseta, ...
- Beira Litoral
- (from the article "Portugal") ...remarkable scenic diversity, the essence of its relief and underlying geology can be described under three headings: the north, the northern interior, and the south. The old coastal provinces of ...
- Beirut
- capital, chief port, and largest city of Lebanon. It is located on the Mediterranean coast at the foot of the Lebanon Mountains. [12 Related Articles]
- Beirut, American University of
- private, nondenominational, coeducational international and intercultural university in Beirut, Lebanon, chartered in 1863 by the state of New York, U.S., as the Syrian Protestant College. Classes started in 1866. Although ... [1 Related Articles]
- beisa
- (from the article "beisa") African antelope, a race of the species Oryx gazella. See oryx.PHOTOGRAPHcentral KenyaEscarpment
- Beisan
- (from the article "World War I") ...would make their main effort east of the Jordan. Allenby, however, was really interested in taking a straight northerly direction, reckoning that the Palestine branch rail line at 'Afula and ...
- Beishouling culture
- (from the article "China") The lower stratum of the Beishouling culture is represented by finds along the Wei and Jing rivers; bowls, deep-bodied jugs, and three-footed vessels, mainly red in colour, were common. The ...
- Beissel, Conrad
- hymn writer and founder of the Ephrata religious community (1732). [1 Related Articles]
- Beit Bridge
- town, southern Zimbabwe. It lies near the bridge across the Limpopo River named for Alfred Beit, a British South African financier. The bridge is situated on the border with Limpopo ...
- Beixin culture
- (from the article "China") In the east, by the start of the 5th millennium, the Beixin culture in central and southern Shandong and northern Jiangsu was characterized by fine clay or sand-tempered pots decorated ...
- Beja
- nomadic people grouped into tribes and occupying mountain country between the Red Sea and the Nile and 'Atbarah rivers from the latitude of Aswan southeastward to the Eritrean Plateau-that is, ... [2 Related Articles]
- Beja
- (from the article "Afonso I") ...in 1147 he further captured Santarem and, availing himself of the services of passing crusaders, successfully laid siege to Lisbon. He carried his frontiers beyond the Tagus River, annexing Beja ...
- Beja
- town in northern Tunisia, located in the hills on the northern edge of the Majardah (Medjerda) valley. Beja is built on the site of ancient Vacca (or Vaga)-a Punic town ...
- Beja language
- (from the article "Sudan, The") ...in southern Egypt. Most Nubians speak Arabic as a second language. The same applies to the Beja, who inhabit the Red Sea Hills. Although they adopted Islam, these pastoral nomads ...
- Bejaia
- town, Mediterranean port, northeastern Algeria. The town lies at the mouth of the Wadi Soummam. Sheltered by Mount Gouraya (2,165 feet [660 m]) and Cape Carbon, it receives an annual ... [1 Related Articles]
- Bejart family
- French theatrical family of the 17th century closely associated with the playwright Moliere. Its members include the brothers and sisters Joseph, Madeleine, Genevieve, Armande, and Louis.
- Bejart, Armande
- French actress, member of the Bejart family, and wife of the playwright Moliere. [2 Related Articles]
- Bejart, Genevieve
- French actress and early member of Moliere's Illustre Theatre company. Genevieve played as Mlle Herve, adopting her mother's name. She acted with the Bejart family company managed by her sister ...
- Bejart, Joseph
- French actor, a strolling player who later joined Moliere's first company, the Illustre-Theatre. Accompanying Moliere in his theatrical wanderings, Bejart created the parts of Lelie and Eraste in the playwright's ... [1 Related Articles]
- Bejart, Louis
- French actor, a member of the famous Bejart family theatrical troupe, and an original member of Moliere's Illustre Theatre company. Louis created many parts in Moliere's plays, including Valere in ... [1 Related Articles]
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