| | - Bedford
- town (township), Westchester county, southeastern New York, U.S., north of White Plains, near the Connecticut state line. Bedford Village, the original settlement, was founded in 1680 by 22 farmers from ...
- Bedford
- borough (town), seat (1771) of Bedford county, southern Pennsylvania, U.S., on the Pennsylvania Turnpike and the Raystown Branch Juniata River, in the Allegheny Mountains, 38 miles (61 km) south of ...
- Bedford
- county, southern Pennsylvania, U.S., bordered to the south by Maryland and to the east by Town Hill and Rays Hill. It is a mountainous region lying mostly in the Appalachian ...
- Bedford
- city, seat of Lawrence county, southern Indiana, U.S., 25 miles (40 km) south of Bloomington. Founded in 1825 as the county seat and named by Joseph Rawlins for his home ...
- Bedford Park
- (from the article "Shaw, Norman") In the field of town planning, the garden suburb laid out by Shaw in 1876 at Bedford Park (now on the western side of London) was the first of its ...
- Bedford Whigs
- (from the article "Bedford, John Russell, 4th duke of") leader of the "Bedford Whigs," a major parliamentary force in the third quarter of the 18th century in England.
- Bedford, Francis Russell, 2nd earl of
- Protestant supporter of Queen Elizabeth I of England.
- Bedford, Francis Russell, 4th earl of
- only son of William, Lord Russell of Thornhaugh, who became earl of Bedford by the death of his cousin Edward, the 3rd earl, in May 1627. [1 Related Articles]
- Bedford, Francis Russell, 5th duke of
- eldest son of Francis Russell (d. 1767), marquess of Tavistock, the eldest son of the 4th duke; he succeeded his grandfather as duke of Bedford in 1771.
- Bedford, Jasper Tudor, duke of, Earl Of Pembroke
- leader of the Lancastrians in Wales, uncle and guardian of Henry, earl of Richmond, afterward Henry VII of England.
- Bedford, John Plantagenet, duke of
- general and statesman who commanded England's army during a critical period in the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) with France. Despite his military and administrative talent, England's position in France had ... [3 Related Articles]
- Bedford, John Robert Russell, 13th duke of
- elder son of the 12th duke (Hastings William Sackville Russell), succeeding to the title in 1953.
- Bedford, John Russell, 1st earl of
- founder of the wealth and greatness of the house of Russell, who was a favourite of England's Henry VIII and was created earl of Bedford during the reign of Edward ...
- Bedford, John Russell, 4th duke of
- leader of the "Bedford Whigs," a major parliamentary force in the third quarter of the 18th century in England.
- Bedford, William Russell, 1st duke and 5th earl of
- eldest son of the 4th earl, who fought first on the side of Parliament and then on that of Charles I during the Civil War. [1 Related Articles]
- Bedford, William Russell, Lord
- (from the article "Bedford, William Russell, 1st duke and 5th earl of") In general, he played a minor part in politics. His son Lord William Russell (1639-83) was involved in the opposition to Charles II, led by Lord Shaftesbury, and was executed ...
- Bedford-Stuyvesant
- (from the article "New York City") ...Bay Ridge and Ridgewood, and Canarsie and Cobble Hill. Although the borough has many private homes, the majority of its people live in apartments, mammoth housing projects, or upgraded row ...
- Bedfordshire
- administrative, geographic, and historic county of the southeastern Midlands of England. The county town (seat) is Bedford. The administrative county is divided into three districts: Mid Bedfordshire, South Bedfordshire, and ...
- Bedie, Henri
- (from the article "Cote d'Ivoire") ...Front (FPI) in a presidential election that was unsuccessfully appealed to the Supreme Court. Upon his death in 1993, Houphouet-Boigny was succeeded by the president of the National Assembly, Henri ...
- Bedier, Joseph
- scholar whose work on the Tristan and Isolde and the Roland epics made invaluable contributions to the study of medieval French literature. [1 Related Articles]
- Bedil, 'Abdul Qadir
- (from the article "South Asian arts") The greatest poet of the Indian style, however, was 'Abdul Qadir Bedil, born in 1644 in Patna, of Uzbek descent. He came early under the influence of the Sufis, refused ...
- bediqat hametz
- (from the article "Judaism") ...cutlery, and cooking utensils are acquired for Passover use. On the evening preceding the 14th day of Nisan, the home is thoroughly searched for any trace of leaven (
- Bedlam
- the first asylum for the mentally ill in England. It is currently located in Beckenham, Kent. The word bedlam came to be used generically for all psychiatric hospitals and sometimes ...
- Bedlington
- town, Wansbeck district, administrative and historic county of Northumberland, England, adjacent to the North Sea port of Blyth. Its population grew rapidly with the expansion of coal mining north of ...
- Bedlington terrier
- breed of dog developed in the 1800s in Northumberland, England, and named for Bedlingtonshire, a mining district in the area. The breed, which established itself locally as a fighting dog ...
- Bedmar, Alonso de la Cueva, marques de
- Spanish diplomat who was allegedly responsible for the "conspiracy of Venice" in 1618. [1 Related Articles]
- bednet
- (from the article "malaria") While the world awaits a vaccine, the mainstay of prevention in much of Africa and Southeast Asia is the bednet treated with insecticide. For travelers to malarious regions, essential equipment ...
- Bednorz, J. Georg
- German physicist who, along with Karl Alex Muller (q.v.), was awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize for Physics for their joint discovery of superconductivity in certain substances at temperatures higher than ... [2 Related Articles]
- Bedny, Demyan
- Soviet poet known both for his verses glorifying the Revolution of 1917 and for his satirical fables.
- Bedouin
- Arabic-speaking nomadic peoples of the Middle Eastern deserts, especially of Arabia, Iraq, Syria, and Jordan. [19 Related Articles]
- Bedout High
- (from the article "Earth Sciences") In mid-2004 scientists reported the discovery of an impact crater in the shallow waters off the northwestern coast of Australia. The geologic feature, known as the Bedout High, is overlain ...
- Bedreddin
- Ottoman theologian, jurist, and mystic whose social doctrines of communal ownership of property led to a large-scale popular uprising. [1 Related Articles]
- bedrock
- (from the article "coastal landforms") ...The suspended sediment particles in waves, especially pebbles and larger rock debris, have much the same effect on a surface as sandpaper does. Waves have considerable force and so may ...
- bedsore
- an ulceration of skin and underlying tissue caused by pressure that limits the blood supply to the affected area. As the name indicates, bedsores are a particular affliction for persons ... [1 Related Articles]
- bedspread
- top cover of a bed, put on for tidiness or display rather than warmth. Use of a bedspread is an extremely ancient custom, referred to in the earliest written sources, ...
- bedstraw
- any plant from the genus Galium of the madder family (Rubiaceae), containing about 300 species of low perennial herbs found in damp woods and swamps and along stream banks and ... [1 Related Articles]
- Bedworth
- town, Nuneaton and Bedworth borough, administrative and historic county of Warwickshire, central England. Coal mining, from two local pits, was important until it ceased at the end of the 20th ...
- Bedzin
- city, Slaskie wojewodztwo (province), southern Poland, just northeast of Katowice, near the Czarna Przemsza River. Located on the trade route between Wroclaw and Krakow, and one of ...
- bee
- any of more than 20,000 species of insects in the suborder Apocrita (order Hymenoptera) that includes the familiar honeybee (Apis) and bumblebee (Bombus and Psithyrus), as well as thousands more ... [15 Related Articles]
- bee flower
- (from the article "angiosperm") ...by visiting flowers of many species, or they may have adapted (i.e., elongated) their mouthparts to different flower depths and have become specialized to pollinate only a single species. Flowers ...
- bee fly
- any insect of the family Bombyliidae (order Diptera). Many resemble bees, and most have long proboscises (feeding organs) that are used to obtain nectar from flowers. Their metallic brown, black, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Bee Gees, the
- English-Australian pop-rock band that embodied the disco era of the late 1970s. In becoming one of the best-selling recording acts of all time, the Bee Gees (short for the Brothers ... [1 Related Articles]
- bee hummingbird
- (from the article "hummingbird") ...western South America, is only about 20 cm (8 inches) long, with a body weight of about 20 g (23 ounce), less than that of most sparrows. The smallest species, ...
- bee killer
- (from the article "assassin bug") Pristhesancus papuensis is known as the bee killer. This bug waits on flowers to capture and suck the body fluids from honeybees and other insects that frequent flowers.
- bee louse
- (from the article "beekeeping") The bee louse, Braula caeca, is a tiny, wingless member of the fly family that is occasionally found on bees. It feeds on nectar or honey from the mouthparts of ...
- bee orchid
- (from the article "Ophrys") ...females of their own species. During this process, pollen sacs become attached to the insect's body and are transferred to the next flowers visited. The fly orchid (O. insectifera) and ...
- bee sting
- (from the article "beekeeping") The worker bee sting is barbed, and in the act of stinging it is torn from the bee. It has a venom-filled poison sac and muscles attached that continue to ...
- bee-eater
- any of about 25 species of brightly coloured birds of the family Meropidea (order Coraciiformes). Found throughout tropical and subtropical Eurasia, Africa, and Australasia (one species, Merops apiaster, occasionally reaches ... [2 Related Articles]
- bee-hunting wasp
- (from the article "animal behaviour") The behaviour of the bee-hunting wasp Philanthus triangulum illustrates another such chain. This wasp flies from flower to flower as it searches for bees. It responds initially to the visual ...
- bee-skep
- (from the article "basketry") ...done with a needle or an awl, which binds each coil to the preceding one by piercing it through with the thread. The appearance varies according to whether the thread ...
- Beebe, Dion
- (from the article "2005: Other Winners") ...Screenplay: Paul Haggis and Bobby Moresco; story by Paul Haggis for Crash Adapted Screenplay: Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana for Brokeback MountainCinematography: Dion Beebe ...
- Beebe, William
- American biologist, explorer, and writer on natural history who combined careful biological research with a rare literary skill. He was the coinventor of the bathysphere. [1 Related Articles]
- beech
- any of several different types of trees, especially about 10 species of deciduous ornamental and timber trees constituting the genus Fagus in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate and subtropical ... [6 Related Articles]
- Beech Aircraft Corporation
- (from the article "Raytheon Company") In 1980 Raytheon acquired Beech Aircraft Corporation, a leading manufacturer of general aviation aircraft founded in 1932 by Walter H. Beech. Raytheon expanded its aircraft activities by adding the Hawker ...
- Beech, J. Walter
- (from the article "military aircraft") ...Trophy, awarded to the winner of unlimited-power closed-circuit competitions at the National Air Races, was won in 1929 for the first time by a monoplane, the Travel Air "R" designed ...
- Beecham, Sir Thomas, 2nd Baronet
- conductor and impresario who founded and led several major orchestras and used his personal fortune for the improvement of orchestral and operatic performances in England.
- Beechcraft
- (from the article "flight, history of") ...160 miles (260 km) per hour; and the seven to nine passenger Beechcraft Model 18, powered by two 450-horsepower engines that enabled a cruising speed of about 220 miles (350 ...
- Beechcraft Model 18
- (from the article "flight, history of") ...(140 km) per hour; the four-seat Cessna Airmaster, powered by a 145-165-horsepower engine that enabled a cruising speed of about 160 miles (260 km) per hour; and the seven to ...
- Beecher, Catharine Esther
- American educator and author who popularized and shaped a conservative ideological movement to both elevate and entrench woman's place in the domestic sphere of American culture. [4 Related Articles]
- Beecher, Henry Ward
- liberal U.S. Congregational minister whose oratorical skill and social concern made him one of the most influential Protestant spokesmen of his time. [5 Related Articles]
- Beecher, Lyman
- U.S. Presbyterian clergyman in the revivalist tradition. [2 Related Articles]
- Beeching, Richard Beeching, Baron
- (from the article "Crown Court") ...Crown Court of Manchester, the Central Criminal Court in London (the Old Bailey), and all the other old assize and quarter sessions courts. From 1966 to 1969 a royal commission ...
- Beechworth
- town, northeastern Victoria, Australia, at the foot of the Victorian Alps. The original settlement (c. 1839), called Mayday Hills, was renamed for a place in England. During the mid-19th century ...
- Beeckman, Isaac
- (from the article "Descartes, Rene") ...architecture in the peacetime army of the Protestant stadholder, Prince Maurice (ruled 1585-1625). In Breda, Descartes was encouraged in his studies of science and mathematics by the physicist Isaac Beeckman ...
- Beecroft, John
- adventurer, trader, explorer, and as British consul (1849-54) for the Bights of Benin and Biafra (the coastal area from present-day Benin to Cameroon), a forerunner of British imperial expansion in ...
- beef
- flesh of mature cattle, as distinguished from veal, the flesh of calves. The best beef is obtained from early maturing, special beef breeds. High-quality beef has firm, velvety, fine-grained lean, ... [9 Related Articles]
- beef tapeworm
- (from the article "tapeworm") The life cycle of the beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata, or Taeniarhynchus saginatis), which occurs worldwide where beef is eaten raw or improperly cooked, is much like that of the pork ...
- Beefmaster
- (from the article "Selected breeds of beef cattle") ...and pests made northern European breeds less profitable. The Hereford and the Shorthorn were among the first breeds used in crossing and have remained popular. Beef of these mixtures, such ...
- beefsteak fungus
- (from the article "mushroom") ...pests. Many of them renew growth each year and thus produce annual growth layers by which their age can be estimated. Examples include the dryad's saddle (Polyporus squamosus), the beefsteak ...
- beefwood
- (from the article "Casuarinaceae") ...pinelike aspect when seen from afar. They are naturally distributed in tropical eastern Africa, the Mascarene Islands, Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Australia, and Polynesia. Some, especially the beefwood (C. equisetifolia, also ...
- beehive
- (from the article "lepidopteran") ...furs, silk, and even feathers are eaten by fungus moths (see tineid moths) of several genera (clothes moths). The wax moth (Galleria mellonella) causes considerable damage in beehives.importance to bees
- beehive house
- primitive type of residence designed by enlarging a simple stone hemisphere, constructed out of individual blocks, to provide greater height at the centre; the form resembles a straw beehive, hence, ...
- Beehive, The
- artists' settlement on the outskirts of the Montparnasse section of Paris, which in the early 20th century was the centre of much avant-garde activity. The Beehive housed the ramshackle living ... [2 Related Articles]
- beekeeping
- care and management of colonies of honeybees. They are kept for their honey and other products or their services as pollinators of fruit and vegetable blossoms or as a hobby. ... [3 Related Articles]
- Beelzebub
- in the Bible, the prince of the devils. In the Old Testament, in the form Baalzebub, it is the name given to the god of the Philistine city of Ekron ... [2 Related Articles]
- Beene, Geoffrey
- American fashion designer (b. Aug. 30, 1927, Haynesville, La.-d. Sept. 28, 2004, New York, N.Y.), revolutionized the American fashion industry with minimalist designs that incorporated a variety of materials and ...
- beer
- alcoholic beverage produced by extracting raw materials with water, boiling (usually with hops), and fermenting. In some countries, beer is defined by law-as in Germany, where the standard ingredients, besides ... [15 Related Articles]
- Beer Hall Putsch
- Adolf Hitler's attempt to start an insurrection in Germany against the Weimar Republic on Nov. 8-9, 1923. Hitler and his small Nazi Party associated themselves with General Erich Ludendorff, a ... [7 Related Articles]
- Beer War
- (from the article "Germany") ...the battle 38 years later, when the cities of the Altmark in west Brandenburg refused to pay an excise tax on beer voted by the assembly of estates. He discomfited ...
- Beer's law
- (from the article "colorimetry") ...laws are applied: that of a French scientist, Pierre Bouguer, which is also known as Lambert's law, relates the amount of light absorbed and the distance it travels through an ...
- Beer, Israel
- Israeli military analyst who was convicted (1962) for treason as a Soviet agent.
- Beer, Wilhelm
- German banker and amateur astronomer who (with Johann Heinrich von Madler) constructed the most complete map of the Moon of his time, Mappa Selenographica (1836). The first lunar map to ... [1 Related Articles]
- Beerbohm, Sir Max
- English caricaturist, writer, dandy, and wit whose sophisticated drawings and parodies were unique in capturing, usually without malice, whatever was pretentious, affected, or absurd in his famous and fashionable contemporaries. ... [3 Related Articles]
- Beeren, Mount
- (from the article "Major volcanoes of the world") ...about 300 mi (500 km) east of Greenland. It is approximately 35 mi long and 9 mi across at its widest point, with an area of 144 sq mi (373 ...
- Beernaert, Auguste-Marie-Francois
- Belgian-Flemish statesman, and cowinner (with Paul-H.-B. d'Estournelles de Constant) of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1909.
- Beers, Clifford Whittingham
- (from the article "mental hygiene") The modern mental-health movement received its first impetus from the energetic leadership of a former mental patient in Connecticut, Clifford Whittingham Beers. First published in 1908, his account of what ...
- Beers, Ethel Lynn
- American poet known for her patriotic and sentimental verse, particularly the popular Civil War poem "The Picket Guard."
- Beers, George
- (from the article "lacrosse") ...in 1842. In playing Indian teams, white players lost so frequently they were allowed to field extra men. Members of the Montreal Lacrosse Club (founded 1856) modified the rules somewhat, ...
- Beersheba
- biblical town of southern Israel, now a city and the main centre of the Negev (ha-Negev) region. [2 Related Articles]
- Beery, Wallace
- American actor who played in more than 250 motion pictures between 1913 and 1949. [1 Related Articles]
- Beeston and Stapleford
- urban area, Broxtowe borough, administrative and historic county of Nottinghamshire, England. The community developed during the 19th century as a result of its proximity to the coal measures of western ...
- Beeston's Boys
- (from the article "Beeston, Christopher") ...the costumes, and retained control of the plays he had bought, practices that brought him a reputation for shrewdness. In 1637 he formed the King's and Queen's Young Company, more ...
- Beeston, Christopher
- English actor and theatrical manager who was one of the most influential figures in the English theatre in the early 17th century. [2 Related Articles]
- beeswax
- commercially useful animal wax secreted by the worker bee to make the cell walls of the honeycomb. Beeswax ranges from yellow to almost black in colour, depending on such factors ... [4 Related Articles]
- beet
- cultivated form of the plant Beta vulgaris of the goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae), one of the most important vegetables. Four distinct types are cultivated for four different purposes: (1) the garden ... [3 Related Articles]
- beet leafhopper
- (from the article "curly top") ...carrot, eggplant, spinach, tomato, vine crops, carnation, delphinium, geranium, pansy, petunia, strawflower, zinnia, and flax. The virus is transmitted in North America, Europe, and Asia by the beet leafhopper (Circulifer ...
- beet sugar
- (from the article "sugar") Beet sugar factories generally produce only white sugar from sugar beets. Brown sugars are made with the use of cane molasses as a mother liquor component or as a crystal ...
- Beethoven, Ludwig van
- German composer, the predominant musical figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras. [41 Related Articles]
- Beethovenhalle
- (from the article "Bonn") As the birthplace of Ludwig van Beethoven, Bonn is devoted to the promotion of the musical arts. It maintains a municipal orchestra and arranges numerous national and international concerts. The ...
- Beetle
- (from the article "Mulberry") Each Mulberry harbour consisted of roughly 6 miles (10 km) of flexible steel roadways (code-named Whales) that floated on steel or concrete pontoons (called Beetles). The roadways terminated at great ...
- beetle
- (from the article "hand tool") "Hammer" is used here in a general sense to cover the wide variety of striking tools distinguished by other names, such as pounder, beetle, mallet, maul, pestle, sledge, and others. ...
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