Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Shop

0-9

Bayezid Mosque ... Beadle, Jeremy James Anthony Gibson

Bayezid Mosque: (from the article "Islamic arts") The apogee of Ottoman architecture was achieved in the great series of kulliyes and mosques that still dominate the Istanbul skyline: the Fatih kulliye (1463-70), the Bayezid Mosque (after 1491), ...
Bayfield Peninsula: (from the article "Apostle Islands National Lakeshore") ...the southwestern end of Lake Superior. Established in 1970 with 20 islands (another was added in 1986), the national lakeshore now consists of 21 islands and a 12-mile (19-km) strip ...
Bayhan, Sultanate of: (from the article "Bayda', Al-") The town, formerly known as Bayhan Umm Rusas, was the historic capital of the sultanate of Bayhan (Beihan), which ruled over a wide area from the lifetime of Muhammad (7th ...
Bayinnaung: king of the Toungoo dynasty (reigned 1551-81) in Myanmar (Burma). He unified his country and conquered the Shan States and Siam (now Thailand), making Myanmar the most powerful kingdom in ... [5 Related Articles]
Bayju: (from the article "Anatolia") ...this revolt, he was faced by a far more dangerous threat as the Mongols steadily bore down upon the region, taking Erzurum in 1242. In 1243 Kay-Khusraw II was crushed ...
Baykal, Deniz: (from the article "Turkey") The tone of the Turkish opposition became more nationalistic following the reelection on January 29 of Deniz Baykal to the leadership of the main opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) and ...
Bayle, Pierre: philosopher whose Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697; "Historical and Critical Dictionary") was roundly condemned by the French Reformed Church of Rotterdam and by the French Roman Catholic church because of ... [10 Related Articles]
Baylebridge, William: poet and short-story writer considered one of the leading writers of Australia in his day.
Bayley, James Roosevelt: (from the article "Seton Hall University") James Roosevelt Bayley, the first Catholic bishop of Newark, established Seton Hall College in 1856, naming it for his aunt, St. Elizabeth Ann Seton, the founder of the Sisters of ...
Baylis, Lilian Mary: English theatrical manager and founder of the Old Vic as a centre of Shakespearean productions. [3 Related Articles]
Bayliss, Sir William Maddock: British physiologist, co-discoverer (with the British physiologist Ernest Starling) of hormones; he conducted pioneer research in major areas of physiology, biochemistry, and physical chemistry. [3 Related Articles]
Baylor University: private, coeducational institution of higher learning located in Waco, Texas, U.S. Baylor, affiliated with the Baptist General Convention of Texas, is the world's largest Baptist university and the oldest college ... [2 Related Articles]
Baylor, Elgin: U.S. professional basketball player (6 ft 5 in) who is regarded as one of the game's greatest forwards. His graceful style enabled him to score and rebound with seeming ease.
Bayn al-Qasrayn: (from the article "Islamic arts") ...erected as one architectural unit. Another characteristic is the tendency of Mamluk patrons to build their major monuments near each other. As a result, certain streets of Cairo, such as ...
Bayne, Beverly: (from the article "Bushman, Francis X.") ...residing in a 280-acre (115-hectare) estate and owning a fleet of lavender limousines. His professional apex was Metro's $250,000 production of Romeo and Juliet (1916), which costarred Beverly Bayne.
Baynes, Thomas Spencer: man of letters who was editor of the ninth edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica up to and including the 11th volume and who thereafter continued the work in partnership with William ... [1 Related Articles]
Baynton, Barbara: (from the article "Australian literature") The reading of the Australian experience in terms of bush realism was open to challenge. Barbara Baynton's stories in Bush Studies (1902) subvert the persistent matey ethos, suggesting instead the ...
Bayon: (from the article "Angkor") ...creations (i.e., pyramid temples), such as the Phimeanakas of Suryavarman I (reigned c. 1000-50); the Baphuon of Udayadityavarman II (reigned 1050-66); and the Buddhist temple of Bayon, which was the ...
bayonet: short, sharp-edged, sometimes pointed weapon, designed for attachment to the muzzle of a firearm and developed, according to tradition, in Bayonne, Fr., early in the 17th century. The Marechal de ... [3 Related Articles]
Bayonne: town, Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement, Aquitaine region, southwestern France, at the confluence of the Nive with the Adour River, 5 miles (8 km) from its mouth. ... [1 Related Articles]
Bayonne: city, Hudson county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S., on a 3-mile (5-km) peninsula between Newark and Upper New York bays, adjacent to Jersey City, New Jersey, and within the Port Authority ...
Bayonne Bridge: (from the article "Ammann, Othmar Herman") Ammann was chief engineer of the Port of New York Authority from 1930 to 1937 and director of engineering from 1937 to 1939. As chief engineer, he was in charge ...
Bayou virus: (from the article "hantavirus") ...maniculatus). Other illnesses occur in Florida (the Black Creek Canal virus, carried by the hispid cotton rat [Sigmodon hispidus]), Louisiana (the Bayou virus, carried by the marsh ...
Bayrakdar Mustafa Pasa: (from the article "'ayn") ...Bulgaria), and Ismail Bey of Seres (now Serrai, Greece) maintained their own private armies, levied taxes, and dispensed justice. The 'ayn of Ruscuk (now in Bulgaria), Bayrakdar Mustafa Pasa, although ...
Bayram Khan: (from the article "India") Until 1560 the administration of Akbar's truncated empire was in the hands of Bayram Khan. Bayram's regency was momentous in the history of India. At its end the Mughal dominion ...
Bayram Pasa: (from the article "Nef'i") ...vulgar, reveal his most candid opinions of those in power. He often satirized a figure he had eulogized earlier in his career. Nef'i's biting invective earned him many enemies at ...
Bayram Veli, Haci: (from the article "Seyhi, Sinan") Little is known of his life. Besides being a poet, Seyhi seems to have been a man of great learning and a disciple of the famous Turkish mystic and saint ...
Bayreuth: city, Bavaria Land (state), east-central Germany. It lies on the Roter (Red) Main River between the Fichtelgebirge (mountainous plateau) and the Franconian Jura Mountains, northeast of Nurnberg. [7 Related Articles]
Bayreuth Festival: (from the article "Performing Arts") Controversy erupted during the summer and, to no one's surprise, emanated from the perennial hotbed of scandal, Germany's Bayreuth Festival. Katharina Wagner, a great-granddaughter of composer Richard Wagner, made her ...
Bayrou, Francois: (from the article "France") ...affect on the electorate and Royal, whose slipups in foreign affairs made her look like unpromising material for head of state-sent voters looking for an alternative, especially the centrist Francois ...
Baysunqur Mirza: (from the article "Herat school") ...flourished in Herat, western Afghanistan, under the patronage of the Timurids. Shah Rokh, the son of the Islamic conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), founded the school, but it was his son Baysunqur ...
Bayswater: neighbourhood in the Paddington district of Westminster, London. It lies west of Edgware Road and north of Kensington Gardens and Hyde Park.
Bayt 'Azm: (from the article "Hamah") The Bayt 'Azm palace, originally the residence of the Wali of Hama, was restored by the Syrian Department of Antiquities but was damaged in fighting in 1982. A perfectly preserved ...
Bayt al-Hikmah: (from the article "information processing") The scholarly splendour of the Islamic world from the 8th to the 13th century AD can in large part be attributed to the maintenance of public and private book libraries. ...
Baytown: city, Harris county, southeastern Texas, U.S., at the mouth of the San Jacinto River on Galveston Bay, 22 miles (35 km) east of Houston. The area was settled in 1822; ...
Baytursyn-uli, Ahmed: (from the article "Kazakhstan") ...in 1917. Abay Ibrahim Kunanbay-uli (Kunanbayev) in the late 19th century laid the basis with his verse for the development of the modern Kazakh literary language and its poetry. (Aqmet) ...
Baz, 'Abd al-Aziz ibn Abdallah ibn: Saudi Muslim cleric who as the grand mufti (from 1993) and traditionalist head of the Council of Senior Islamic Scholars (from the early 1960s) was revered by millions and exerted ...
Baza: city, Granada provincia (province), in the comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southern Spain, at the foot of the Sierra de Baza, northeast of ...
bazaar: originally, a public market district of a Persian town. From Persia the term spread to Arabia (the Arabic word suq is synonymous), Turkey, and North Africa. In ... [2 Related Articles]
Bazaar Malay language: (from the article "Malay language") ...most important is that of the southern Malay Peninsula, the basis of standard Malay and of the official language of the Republic of Indonesia, Bahasa Indonesia, or Indonesian. A Malay ...
Bazaine, Achille (-Francois): marshal of France who, after distinguished service during the Second Empire, was sentenced to death for his surrender of Metz and 140,000 men to the Germans on Oct. 27, 1870, ... [4 Related Articles]
Bazalgette, Sir Joseph William: British civil engineer who designed the main drainage system for London.
Bazar Zhiraw: (from the article "Kazakh literature") ...pressure. Among the western Kazakhs of the Little Horde, this oral literary development reached its culmination in the second half of the 19th century and in the early 20th century ...
Bazar-dara Range: (from the article "Pamirs") ...portion of the Pamirs, is the east-west Muzkol Range, reaching 20,449 feet in Soviet Officers Peak. South of it stretches one of the largest ranges of the Pamirs, called Rushan ...
Bazardyuzyu, Mount: (from the article "Azerbaijan") The highest peaks are Bazardyuzyu (Bazarduzu; 14,652 feet [4,466 metres]), Shakhdag, and Tufan, all part of the Greater Caucasus range, the crest of which forms part of Azerbaijan's northern boundary. ...
Bazargan, Mehdi: Iranian educator and politician who in 1979 became the first prime minister of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Unable to stem the tide of violent extremism under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, ... [2 Related Articles]
Bazarov: (from the article "Turgenev, Ivan Sergeyevich") ...Fathers and Sons (1862), grew from this sense of involvement and yet succeeded in illustrating, with remarkable balance and profundity, the issues that divided the generations. The hero, Bazarov, is ...
Bazaruto Island: island, Mozambique. It is situated in the Mozambique Channel of the Indian Ocean, about 15 miles (24 km) offshore from the town of Inhassoro and 130 miles (209 km) southeast ...
Baze, Russell: (from the article "Equestrian Sports") Russell Baze on December 1 surpassed retired Laffit Pincay, Jr., as the leading race-winning jockey of all time. The 48-year-old Baze took career victory number 9,531 at Bay Meadows Race ...
Bazeries, Etienne: (from the article "cipher") In 1891 Etienne Bazeries, a French cryptologist, invented a more sophisticated cipher device based on principles formulated by Thomas Jefferson of the United States nearly a century earlier. Bazeries's so-called ...
Bazhenov, Vasily Ivanovich: (from the article "Western architecture") The two leading Russian architects were Vasily Ivanovich Bazhenov and Ivan Yegorovich Starov, both of whom studied in Paris under de Wailly in the 1760s, bringing back to Russia the ...
Bazille, Jean-Frederic: painter, who, as friend, benefactor, and colleague of the Impressionists, played an important role during the movement's formative years. [2 Related Articles]
Bazin, Andre: (from the article "Truffaut, Francois") ...life, although it is known that he was sent to a reformatory before leaving school at age 14 to work in a factory. His interest in the cinema, however, brought ...
Bazin, Henri-Emile: engineer and member of the French Corps des Ponts et Chaussees ("Corps of Bridges and Highways") whose contributions to hydraulics and fluid mechanics include the classic study of water flow ...
Bazin, Herve: French author whose witty and satirical novels often focus on the problems within families and marriages. [1 Related Articles]
Bazin, Rene: French novelist of provincial life, strongly traditionalist in outlook. His works express in simple but elegant style his love of nature, of simple virtues, and of work, especially on the ...
Baziotes, William: American painter who was one of the leading members of the New York Abstract Expressionist group from the late 1940s, when it became the most influential movement in international art.
bazooka: shoulder-type rocket launcher adopted by the U.S. Army in World War II. The weapon consisted of a smooth-bore steel tube, originally about 5 feet (1.5 metres) long, open at both ... [3 Related Articles]
Bazzaz, 'Abd al-Rahman al-: Iraqi politician who was prime minister of Iraq from 1965 to 1966. [1 Related Articles]
BB gun: (from the article "air gun") Most modern air guns are inexpensive BB guns (named for the size of the shot fired). The best of these develop about half the muzzle velocity of light firearms, are ...
BBK Studio: (from the article "graphic design") ...designing for navigation through the site and for using hypertext links to jump to additional information. An example of strong Web design is the Herman Miller for the Home Web ...
BBR system: (from the article "printing") In the 1950s the BBR system, named by the initials of three inventors in France, introduced programmed composition. Starting with a perforated tape continuously produced by the operator, a computer ...
BCG vaccine: vaccine against tuberculosis. The BCG vaccine is prepared from a weakened strain of Mycobacterium bovis, a bacteria closely related to M. tuberculosis, which causes ... [5 Related Articles]
BCH code: (from the article "combinatorics") ...most codes use only two symbols, 0 or 1. Only fairly large values of r are useful, say, r ⪖ 25. The optimum value of n_t(r, 2) is not known. ...
bcl-2: (from the article "cancer") ...tumours lead to a loss of programmed cell death. One mutation inactivates the p53 gene, which normally can trigger apoptosis. The second mutation affects a proto-oncogene called
BCR/abl: (from the article "genetic disease, human") ...chromosome arises from a translocation in which one half of the long arm of chromosome 22 becomes attached to the end of the long arm of chromosome 9, creating the ...
BCS: arrangement of five American college postseason gridiron football games that annually determines the national champion. The games involved are the Rose Bowl, the Orange Bowl, ... [5 Related Articles]
BCS theory: in physics, a comprehensive theory developed in 1957 by the American physicists John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper, and John R. Schrieffer (their surname initials providing the designation BCS) to explain ... [6 Related Articles]
BD+16516: (from the article "star") Another well-known white dwarf, designated BD + 16°516, is paired with a much cooler K0 V dwarf in an eclipsing system. The two stars, whose centres are separated by 2,092,000 ...
BD+44048: (from the article "star") ...the sky. Very luminous stars, such as Deneb, Rigel, and Betelgeuse, have absolute magnitudes of −7 to −9, while the faintest known star, the companion to the star with the ...
Bdallophytum: (from the article "Rafflesiaceae") The family Rafflesiaceae includes the following genera, mostly in the Old World subtropics: Pilostyles (22 species), Bdallophytum (4 species), Apodanthes (5 species), Rafflesia (12 species), Cytinus (6 species), Rhizanthes (1 ...
bdelloid: (from the article "rotifer") In addition to the swimming rotifers, some (subclass Bdelloidea) loop along the bottom of ponds, alternately attaching the head and tail ends; others remain anchored by means of tubes or ...
be: any of the hereditary occupational groups in early Japan (c. 5th-mid-7th century), established to provide specific economic services and a continuous inflow of revenue for the uji, or lineage groups. ... [1 Related Articles]
beach: sediments that accumulate along the sea or lake shores, the configuration and contours of which depend on the action of coastal processes, the kinds of sediment involved, and the rate ... [5 Related Articles]
Beach Boys, the: American rock group whose dulcet melodies and distinctive vocal mesh defined the 1960s youthful idyll of sun-drenched southern California. The original members were Brian Wilson (b. June 20, 1942, Inglewood, ... [1 Related Articles]
beach cusp: (from the article "coastal landforms") ...spacing is regular along a given reach of coast, but it may vary from place to place or from time to time at a given place. At some locations, concentrations ...
beach grass: any of the sand-binding plants in the genus Ammophila (family Poaceae). These coarse, perennial grasses are about one metre (about three feet) tall and grow on sandy coasts of temperate ...
beach pea: (Lathyrus maritimus, sometimes L. japonicus), sprawling perennial plant in the pea family (Fabaceae). It occurs on gravelly and sandy coastal areas throughout the North Temperate Zone. The stem is 30-60 ...
beach placer: (from the article "placer deposit") Beach placers form on seashores where wave action and shore currents shift materials, the lighter more rapidly than the heavier, thus concentrating them. Among the examples of beach placers are ...
beach ridge: (from the article "glacial landform") ...and it is called a wave-cut bench. On the other hand, it may be formed by deposition of sand and gravel from long-shore currents along the margin of the lake, ...
beach rock: (from the article "beach") ...from the groundwater. This will commonly result if fresh water penetrates a beach from swamps behind it. If the beach undergoes erosion and thus retreats, the cemented strata become exposed; ...
beach seine: (from the article "commercial fishing") Seine nets are often employed in beach seining, where fish shoals are near beaches. Large beach-seining operations for sardinelike fishes and other species are carried on in the Indian Ocean. ...
beach vole: (from the article "meadow vole") The meadow vole is one of 61 species in the genus Microtus. Its closest living relative is the beach vole (M. breweri) of Muskeget Island off the coast of Massachusetts, ...
Beach, Alfred Ely: American publisher and inventor whose Scientific American helped stimulate 19th-century technological innovations and became one of the world's most prestigious science magazines. Beach himself invented a tunneling ... [2 Related Articles]
Beach, Amy Marcy: American pianist and composer known for her Piano Concerto (1900) and her Gaelic Symphony (1894), the first symphony by an American woman composer.
Beach, Edward Latimer, Jr.: American submariner and writer (b. April 20, 1918, New York, N.Y.-d. Dec. 1, 2002, Washington, D.C.), was awarded a number of decorations for service during World War II that resulted ...
Beach, Sylvia: bookshop operator who became important in the literary life of Paris, particularly in the 1920s, when her shop was a gathering place for expatriate writers and a centre where French ...
Beachey, Lincoln: (from the article "stunt flying") The most famous early stunt flyer was Lincoln Beachey (d. 1915), who joined the Curtiss exhibition team in 1911 after having stunted with balloons and dirigibles. Beachey probably flew more ...
Beachy Head: prominent headland on the English Channel coast in the administrative county of East Sussex, historic county of Sussex, England, in the borough of Eastbourne. Its chalk cliffs, more than 500 ...
Beacon: city, Dutchess county, southeastern New York, U.S. It lies at the foot of Mount Beacon, on the east bank of the Hudson River (there bridged to Newburgh), 58 miles (93 ...
beacon: (from the article "lighthouse") The forerunners of lighthouses proper were beacon fires kindled on hilltops, the earliest references to which are contained in the Iliad and the Odyssey (c. 8th century BC). The first ...
Beacon Group: (from the article "Ross Sea") ...the presence of an underlying thick section of seismically low-velocity, probably sedimentary, rocks. The embayment, therefore, may be either a down-faulted block of continental rocks, including the Beacon Group, or ...
Beacon Hill: (from the article "Boston") ...skillfully transformed an 18th-century English town into a 19th-century American city. Bulfinch designed the central portion of the present State House (1795-98), above Boston Common on Beacon Hill. The construction ...
Beacon Sandstone: (from the article "Antarctica") ...million years ago), a series of mainly quartzose sediments was laid down in ancient lakes and shallow seas in the sites of former mountain chains that had been carved away ...
Beaconsfield: town in northern Tasmania, Australia. It lies on the west bank of the Tamar River, 29 miles (46 km) northwest of Launceston. The site of the present town, originally known ...
Beaconsfield: town in South Bucks district, administrative and historic county of Buckinghamshire, England, in the Chiltern Hills.
bead: small, usually round object made of glass, wood, metal, nut, shell, bone, seed, or the like, pierced for stringing. Among primitive peoples, beads were worn as much for magical as ... [2 Related Articles]
bead lightning: form of lightning of longer duration than more typical lightning that appears as a string of luminous segments instead of a continuous channel. It occurs infrequently but has been observed ... [1 Related Articles]
beaded drainage: (from the article "permafrost") ...at ice wedge junctions, or elsewhere, melting may occur to form small pools. The joining of these small pools by a stream causes the pools to resemble beads on a ...
Beadle, George Wells: American geneticist who helped found biochemical genetics when he showed that genes affect heredity by determining enzyme structure. He shared the 1958 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Edward ... [4 Related Articles]
Beadle, Jeremy James Anthony Gibson: British television host hosted the hidden-camera television shows Game for a Laugh (1981-85) and Beadle's About (1987-96), in which practical jokes were played on members of the public, and, from ...