| | - Batticaloa
- town, eastern Sri Lanka. Lying on an island off the eastern coast, it is linked to the mainland by causeway, bridge, and ferry and by road and railway connections. Batticaloa ...
- batting
- (from the article "baseball") ...breadth. Apart from the box score (introduced in 1845) that newspapers publish to provide statistical summaries of specific games, in the 1870s annual guides began furnishing year-end tabulations of batting, ...
- batting
- (from the article "cricket") A batsman may hit right-handed or left-handed. Good batting is based on a straight (i.e., vertical) bat with its full face presented to the ball, although a cross (i.e., horizontal) ...
- batting
- (from the article "quilting") ...creating a quilt top, usually assembled of blocks made by cutting patches then stitching them together or by appliqueing cut-out shapes onto a backing. See applique; patchwork. Batting, or wadding, ...
- batting order
- (from the article "baseball") At the start of each game, managers from both teams submit a batting order to the umpire. The order lists the name and defensive position of each player in the ...
- Battishill, Jonathan
- English composer of church music and popular songs.
- Battle
- town (parish), Rother district, administrative county of East Sussex, historic county of Sussex, England, just inland from Hastings. A ridge to the southeast, called Senlac, was the site of the ...
- battle clout
- (from the article "clout shooting") In another variety, called battle clout, a larger, more distant target and hunting arrows are often used.
- Battle Creek
- city, Calhoun county, south-central Michigan, U.S. It lies at the juncture of Battle Creek with the Kalamazoo River, about 20 miles (30 km) east of Kalamazoo and about 45 miles ... [1 Related Articles]
- Battle Creek Sanitarium
- (from the article "physical culture") ...was a founder of the Seventh-day Adventists, a religious group that embraced naturopathy and claimed to enjoy better health than the general population. With her husband, James, White created the ...
- battle cruiser
- (from the article "naval ship") HMS Dreadnought made earlier large cruisers obsolete, since it was nearly as fast as any of these ships. Consequently, the Royal Navy built a series of ships it called battle ...
- battle mime
- (from the article "sword dance") ...performer holds the hilt of his own sword and the point of that of the dancer behind him, the group forming intricate, usually circular, patterns. Combat dances for one or ...
- Battle of Brunanburh, The
- Old English poem of 73 lines included in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle under the year 937. It relates the victory of the Saxon king Athelstan over the allied Norse, Scots, and ... [1 Related Articles]
- Battle of Maldon, The
- Old English heroic poem describing a historical skirmish between East Saxons and Viking (mainly Norwegian) raiders in 991. It is incomplete, its beginning and ending both lost. The poem is ... [3 Related Articles]
- battle royal
- (from the article "cockfighting") ...of fights between an agreed number of pairs of birds, the majority of victories deciding the main. There were two other varieties that aroused the particular ire of moralists, however-the ...
- Battle, Kathleen
- American opera singer, among the finest coloratura sopranos of her time. [1 Related Articles]
- battle, line of
- (from the article "ship of the line") ...vessel that had a high superstructure on its stern and usually carried heavy guns along two decks. As fleets composed of these ships engaged in combat, they adopted a fighting ...
- Battle-Ax
- (from the article "Transcaucasia, history of") ...furniture of the kurgans, as in the famous royal grave at Maykop (Russia), included metalwork of great refinement, often ornamented with animal motifs. A common weapon was the shaft-hole copper ...
- battledore and shuttlecock
- children's game played by two persons using small rackets called battledores, which are made of parchment, plastic, or rows of gut or nylon stretched across wooden frames, and shuttlecocks, made ... [1 Related Articles]
- battlefield medicine
- field of medicine concerned with the prompt treatment of wounded military personnel within the vicinity of a war zone. Studies of historical casualty rates have shown that about half of ... [1 Related Articles]
- battlefield support weapon
- (from the article "tactical weapons system") Battlefield support weapons include such ballistic missiles as the U.S. Lance and the French Pluton, which have ranges of about 75 miles (120 km). These systems, which can deliver nuclear ...
- battlement
- the parapet of a wall consisting of alternating low portions known as crenels, or crenelles (hence crenellated walls with battlements), and high portions called merlons. Battlements were devised in order ...
- battleship
- capital ship of the world's navies from about 1860, when it began to supplant the wooden-hulled, sail-driven ship of the line, to World War II, when its preeminent position was ... [2 Related Articles]
- battu
- (from the article "assemble") ...position demi-plie (feet crossed, knees bent). There are many variations of an assemble, which can involve turning or traveling across the floor and executing small, battu ("beaten") steps.brise
- Battus I
- (from the article "Cyrene") ancient Greek colony in Libya, founded c. 631 BC by a group of emigrants from the island of Thera in the Aegean. Their leader, Battus, became the first king, founding ...
- Batu
- grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Khanate of Kipchak, or the Golden Horde. [7 Related Articles]
- Batu
- (from the article "Uzbekistan") ...in Uzbek and Tajik. These writers all began as poets and subsequently branched out to produce many of the first modern indigenous plays, stories, and novels of Central Asia. The ...
- Batu Caves
- (from the article "Kuala Lumpur") ...Games; among its several sports venues is the 100,000-seat National Stadium. A short distance to the east is the National Zoo and Aquarium. At the northern edge of the federal ...
- Batu Islands
- group of three major islands and 48 islets off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Administratively, they are part of North Sumatra (Sumatera Utara) propinsi (province). The ...
- Batu Pahat
- port, West Malaysia (Malaya), on the Strait of Malacca at the mouth of the Batu Pahat River. It is a fishing town and a distribution centre; and, until the completion ...
- Batu, Mount
- (from the article "Ethiopia") The Eastern Highlands are much smaller in extent than the Western Highlands, but they offer equally impressive contrast in topography. The highest peaks are Mount Batu, at 14,127 feet, and ...
- Batum, Treaty of
- (from the article "Armenia") ...Armenia declared independence on May 28. Although short-lived, this Armenian republic was the first independent Armenian state since the Middle Ages. On June 4 Armenia was forced to sign the ...
- Batumi
- city and capital of Ajaria (Adzhariya), Georgia, on a gulf of the Black Sea about 9.5 miles (15 km) north of the Turkish frontier. The city's name comes from the ... [1 Related Articles]
- batuque
- (from the article "samba") In Brazil, away from the ballrooms, an older, very African type of samba is also danced. Sometimes called batuque, it is a kind of group dance, done either in circles ...
- Baty, Gaston
- French playwright and producer who exerted a notable influence on world theatre during the 1920s and '30s. [1 Related Articles]
- batyr
- (from the article "Kazakhstan") ...the Aral Sea and the Ural River. In each horde the authority of the khan tended to be curtailed by the power exercised by tribal chieftains, known as sultans, and ...
- Batyr Depression
- (from the article "Mangyshlak") ...(province), southwestern Kazakhstan, east of the Caspian sea. The oblast covers an area of 64,320 square miles (166,600 square km) and consists of vast flatlands, with some depressions (the Batyr ...
- Batyushkov, Konstantin Nikolayevich
- Russian elegiac poet whose sensual and melodious verses were said to have influenced the great Russian poet Aleksandr Pushkin. [2 Related Articles]
- Batyyeva Hill
- (from the article "Kiev") ...the Desna and 591 miles (951 km) from its mouth in the Black Sea. The original location was on the high and steep right bank, which rises above the river ...
- Batz, Jean, baron de
- royalist conspirator during the French Revolution.
- Bau
- in Mesopotamian religion, city goddess of Urukug in the Lagash region of Sumer and, under the name Nininsina, the Queen of Isin, city goddess of Isin, south of Nippur. In ... [1 Related Articles]
- Bau
- (from the article "Fiji") These opportunities for new wealth and power, symbolized by the acquisition of muskets, intensified political rivalries and hastened the rise of the kingdom of Bau, a tiny island off the ...
- Bauan Fijian
- (from the article "Fijian language") Of the several dialects of Fijian, which are divided into Eastern and Western groups, standard Fijian, based on an Eastern dialect (Bauan) and called Bauan Fijian, is known to all ...
- Bauby, Jean-Dominique
- French journalist whose struggle with "locked-in syndrome," a state of almost total paralysis, was recounted in his critically acclaimed memoir, The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (1997), which he dictated ...
- Bauchau, Henry
- Belgian novelist, poet, and playwright who was also a practicing psychoanalyst. Like his contemporary Dominique Rolin but unusually for a Belgian writer, Bauchau took his inspiration from psychoanalysis.
- Bauchi
- state, northeastern Nigeria. Before 1976 it was a province in former North-Eastern state. Bauchi is bounded by the states of Kano on the northwest; Kaduna on the west; Plateau, Taraba, ...
- Bauchi
- town, capital of Bauchi state and traditional emirate, northeastern Nigeria. Bauchi town lies on the railroad from Maiduguri to Kafanchan (where it joins the line to Port Harcourt) and has ... [1 Related Articles]
- baud
- (from the article "modem") Each element of the modulated carrier wave is known as a baud. In FSK, employed by early voiceband modems beginning in the early 1960s, one baud represents one bit, so ...
- Baudelaire, Charles
- French poet, translator, and literary and art critic whose reputation rests primarily on Les Fleurs du mal (1857; The Flowers of Evil), which was ... [19 Related Articles]
- Baudin, Carl
- (from the article "stage design") ...to make up their faces with whitewash rubbed off the walls, dust scraped from red bricks, and black from burned paper or cork or a burned match. Credit for the ...
- Baudin, Jean-Baptiste
- (from the article "Gambetta, Leon") ...highly popular among the Paris students. In 1859 he was called to the bar, but he was unsuccessful as a lawyer until 1868, when a political case known as the ...
- Baudin, Nicolas
- (from the article "Australia") France sponsored an expedition, similar in intent to Flinders's, at the same time. Under Nicolas Baudin, it gave French names to many features (including "Terre Napoleon" for the southern coast) ...
- Baudissin, Wolf Heinrich, Graf von
- German diplomat and man of letters who with Dorothea Tieck was responsible for many translations of William Shakespeare and thus contributed to the development of German Romanticism.
- Baudo Mountains
- (from the article "South America") North of the Gulf of Guayaquil in Ecuador and Colombia, a series of accreted oceanic terranes (discrete allochthonous fragments) have developed that constitute the Baudo, or Coastal, Mountains and the ...
- Baudot Code
- (from the article "code") During the early years of the 20th century, elaborate commercial codes were developed. One such system was the Baudot code, which encoded complete phrases into single words (five-letter groups) for ...
- Baudot, Jean-Maurice-Emile
- engineer who, in 1874, received a patent on a telegraph code that by the mid-20th century had supplanted Morse Code as the most commonly used telegraphic alphabet. [1 Related Articles]
- Baudouin de Courtenay, Jan Niecislaw
- linguist who regarded language sounds as structural entities, rather than mere physical phenomena, and thus anticipated the modern linguistic concern with language structure. His long teaching career in eastern European ...
- Baudouin I
- king of the Belgians from 1951 to 1993, who helped restore confidence in the monarchy after the stormy reign of King Leopold III. [3 Related Articles]
- Baudrillard, Jean
- French sociologist and cultural theorist whose theoretical ideas of "hyperreality" and "simulacrum" influenced literary theory and philosophy, especially in the United States, and spread into popular culture. [2 Related Articles]
- Bauer of Market Ward in the City of Cambridge, Peter Thomas Bauer, Baron
- Hungarian-born British economist (b. Nov. 6, 1915, Budapest, Hung., Austria-Hungary-d. May 3, 2002, London, Eng.), fiercely opposed all developmental aid to less-developed countries because he said that it discouraged local ...
- Bauer, Andreas
- (from the article "printing") In 1811 Koenig and an associate, Andreas Bauer, in another approach to the rotary principle, designed a cylinder as a platen bearing the sheet of paper and pressing it against ...
- Bauer, Bruno
- (from the article "Hegelianism") ...split, like the French Parliament, into a right (Goschel, and several others), a centre (Rosenkranz), and a left (Strauss himself). There were responses from the right and centre and from ...
- Bauer, Gustav
- German statesman, chancellor of the Weimar Republic (1919-20).
- Bauer, Hank
- American baseball player and manager as an outfielder and slugger for the New York Yankees in 1948-59, helped the team win nine American League pennants and seven World Series ...
- Bauer, Harold
- British-born American pianist who introduced to the United States works by Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel, and Cesar Franck. His playing combined traits of both 19th-century Romanticism and 20th-century restraint and ...
- Bauer, Otto
- theoretician of the Austrian Social Democratic Party and statesman, who proposed that the nationalities problem of the Austro-Hungarian Empire be solved by the creation of nation-states and who, after World ... [3 Related Articles]
- Bauer, Sebastian Wilhelm Valentin
- German pioneer inventor and builder of submarines. [1 Related Articles]
- Bauernfeld, Eduard von
- Austrian dramatist who dominated the Vienna Burgtheater for 50 years with his politically oriented drawing room comedies.
- Bauge, Battle of
- (from the article "Salisbury, Thomas de Montagu, 4th earl of") ...command in Maine, and, when Henry V went home the next year, Salisbury remained in France as the chief lieutenant of Thomas, duke of Clarence. The Duke, through his own ...
- Baugh, Cecil Archibald
- Jamaican potter (b. Nov. 22, 1908, Bangor Ridge, Jam.-d. June 28, 2005, Kingston, Jam.), was one of the most influential Caribbean potters of the 20th century and was renowned for ...
- Baugh, Sammy
- first outstanding quarterback in the history of American professional gridiron football, who led the National Football League (NFL) in forward passing in 6 of his 16 seasons (1937-52) with the ...
- Baughman, Ray H.
- (from the article "Physical Sciences") ...similar to that used for making paper, nanotubes dispersed in water were allowed to collect on a filter, dried, and then peeled off the filter-a process that typically took about ...
- Baugur Group
- (from the article "Iceland") Several Icelandic companies embarked upon a series of takeovers abroad, notably the food and apparel retailer Baugur Group, which was aggressively buying British and Scandinavian retail firms, including a number ...
- Bauhaus
- school of design, architecture, and applied arts that existed in Germany from 1919 to 1933. It was based in Weimar until 1925, Dessau through 1932, and Berlin in its final ... [32 Related Articles]
- Bauhin, Gaspard
- Swiss physician, anatomist, and botanist who introduced a scientific binomial system of classification to both anatomy and botany. [2 Related Articles]
- Bauhin, Jean
- (from the article "Bauhin, Gaspard") Bauhin's brother Jean (1541-1613), also a physician and botanist, is known for his Historia plantarum universalis (1650-51; "General History of Plants"), in which he rendered elaborate descriptions of more than ...
- Bauhinia
- (from the article "Hong Kong, flag of") ...1, 1997. The colonial flags were replaced by the Chinese national flag and a new standard for Hong Kong that had been designed in the mid-1990s and which was later ...
- Baul
- member of an order of religious singers of Bengal known for their unconventional behaviour and for the freedom and spontaneity of their mystical verse. Their membership consists both of Hindus ...
- Baule
- an African people inhabiting Cote d'Ivoire between the Comoe and Bandama rivers. The Baule are an Akan group, speaking a Tano language of the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo language ... [3 Related Articles]
- Baum, L. Frank
- American writer known for his series of books for children about the imaginary land of Oz. [1 Related Articles]
- Baum, Vicki
- Austrian-born American novelist whose Menschen im Hotel (1929; "People at the Hotel"; Eng. trans. Grand Hotel) became a best-seller and was adapted as a successful play (1930), an Academy Award-winning ...
- Baumann Peak
- mountain in southwestern Togo, near the border with Ghana. An extreme western outlier of the Atacora Chain of adjacent Benin, it rises to 3,235 feet (986 m) and is the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Baumann, Hans
- (from the article "children's literature") In the domain of the historical novel, Hans Baumann is a distinguished name. Lacking the narrative craft of Miss Sutcliff, whose story lines are always clean and clear, he matched ...
- Baumbach, Rudolf
- German writer of popular student drinking songs and of narrative verse.
- Baume hydrometer
- (from the article "hydrometer") The Baume hydrometer, named for the French chemist Antoine Baume, is calibrated to measure specific gravity on evenly spaced scales; one scale is for liquids heavier than water, and the ...
- Baumes Laws
- several statutes of the criminal code of New York state, U.S., enacted on July 1, 1926-most notably, one requiring mandatory life imprisonment for persons convicted of a fourth felony. A ...
- Baumes, Caleb H.
- (from the article "Baumes Laws") In 1926 the New York State Crime Commission, chaired by Caleb H. Baumes, proposed a number of reforms and revisions of the criminal code to the state legislature. The most ...
- Baumgardner, Jennifer
- (from the article "Feminism Reimagined: The Third Wave") ...towards gender, racial, economic, and social justice"; both were founded by (among others) Rebecca Walker (b. 1969), the daughter of the novelist and second waver Alice Walker (b. 1944). Jennifer ...
- Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb
- German philosopher and educator who coined the term aesthetics and established this discipline as a distinct field of philosophical inquiry. [6 Related Articles]
- Baumgarten, Hermann
- (from the article "Weber, Max") ...after two years to fulfill his year of military service at Strassburg. During this time he became very close to the family of his mother's sister, Ida Baumgarten, and to ...
- Baumgarten, Siegmund Jakob
- (from the article "Semler, Johann Salomo") Semler was a disciple of the rationalist Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten, whom he succeeded on his death in 1757 as head of the theological faculty. Seeking to study biblical texts scientifically, ...
- Baumgartner, Bruce
- American wrestler who won four Olympic medals and was one of the most successful American superheavyweights of all time.
- Baumol, William
- (from the article "economics") ...of policies towards big business stems from the lack of a general theory of oligopoly. Perhaps a loose criterion for judging the desirability of different market structures is American economist ...
- Baunsgaard, Hilmar
- Denmark's leading nonsocialist politician during the 1960s and '70s. He served as prime minister of a coalition government from 1968 until 1971.
- Bauplan
- (from the article "nature, philosophy of") ...purpose themselves. Once in the population, however, they persist and are passed on, often becoming nearly universal patterns or archetypes, what Gould referred to as Bauplane (German: ...
- Baur, Ferdinand Christian
- German theologian and scholar who initiated the Protestant Tubingen school of biblical criticism and who has been called the father of modern studies in church history. [3 Related Articles]
- Bauria
- extinct genus of mammal-like reptiles found as fossils in South African rocks of the Early Triassic Period (251 million to 245 million years ago). The skull of Bauria had several ...
- Baurtregaum
- (from the article "Kerry") ...15 miles (24 km) wide, which continues the line of hills from western County Cork to Valencia Island; and the Beara peninsula, the most southerly one. The highest points on ...
- Bauru
- city, central Sao Paulo estado (state), Brazil, lying near the Batalha River at 1,640 feet (500 metres) above sea level. Formerly known as Divino Espirito da Fortaleza, ...
- Bausch, Pina
- (from the article "theatrical production") ...of performance was predominantly American, though the term Tanztheater ("dance theatre") was adopted by an independent theatre founded in Wuppertal, W.Ger., in the mid-1970s by Pina Bausch. Bausch, who sought ...
- Baushe
- (from the article "Bauchi") ...of ethnic groups, including the Tangale, Waja (Wajawa), Fulani, and Hausa. The state also contains a number of traditional Muslim emirates. According to tradition, it was named for a hunter ...
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