(from the article "Iran, ancient") In 78 Pacorus II came to the throne, to be supplanted in 79 by the ephemeral Artabanus IV (80/81), who was then replaced permanently by Pacorus II. During his reign ...
(from the article "Louis IV") ...the Simple, was imprisoned in 923, his mother, Eadgifu, daughter of the Anglo-Saxon king Edward the Elder, took Louis to England. He was recalled to France in 936 and crowned ...
(from the article "Judaism") ...in Judaea; an indication of its apologetic nature may be seen from the fragment asserting that Moses taught the alphabet not only to the Jews but also to the Phoenicians ...
(from the article "Histiaeus") ...that he could quell the disturbances, Histiaeus was allowed to leave Susa. On his arrival at the Lydian coast, however, he found himself suspected of disloyalty by the satrap (provincial ...
(from the article "Anatolia") ...provinces. His task may have been complicated by a new situation that had arisen in the remnants of the Mitannian state. The Mitannian king, Tushratta, was assassinated, and his successor, ...
French dramatist, poet, actor, and theoretician of the Surrealist movement who attempted to replace the "bourgeois" classical theatre with his "theatre of cruelty," a primitive ceremonial experience intended to liberate ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "Mithradates II") Mithradates recovered the eastern provinces that had been overrun by invading Saka nomads during his father's reign. In the west he conquered Mesopotamia and defeated the Armenian king Artavasdes, whose ...
(from the article "Iran, ancient") ...that Ardashir's rise to power suffered several setbacks. Vologeses VI (or V) struck coins at Seleucia on the Tigris as late as AD 228/229 (the Seleucid year 539). Another Parthian ...
(from the article "Leo III") ...theme, or military-district army, in Asia Minor. As the result of a military revolt in 715, Anastasius was deposed, exiled to a monastery, and replaced by Theodosius III. Leo, in ...
(from the article "Artaxias") ...southwest, respectively. They united their efforts to enlarge their domains at the expense of neighbouring areas and are considered the creators of historical Armenia. Artaxias built his capital, Artaxata, on ...
a Spanish verse form consisting of 8-syllable lines, later changed to 12-syllable lines, usually arranged in 8-line stanzas with a rhyme scheme of abbaacca. The form originated in the late ...
in Spanish poetry, a line of two to eight syllables and usually only one accent, most often on the penultimate syllable. Because of the general nature of the form, it ...
(from the article "Anatolia") ...the 4th century is illustrated by bilingual (Greek and Lycian) texts dating from that period. About 400 BC the Persian grip on the country seems to have been strengthened. Persian ...
(from the article "brine shrimp") (genus Artemia), any of several small crustaceans of the order Anostraca (class Branchiopoda) inhabiting brine pools and other highly saline inland waters throughout the world. Artemia salina, the species that ...
soothsayer whose Oneirocritica ("Interpretation of Dreams") affords valuable insight into ancient superstitions, myths, and religious rites. Mainly a compilation of the writings of earlier authors, the work's first three books ...
(fl. 100 BC, Ephesus, Lydia [now in Turkey]), Greek geographer whose systematic geography in 11 books was much used by the famed Greek geographer-historian Strabo (b. 64/63 BC). Artemidorus' work ... [2 Related Articles]
in Greek religion, the goddess of wild animals, the hunt, and vegetation, and of chastity and childbirth; she was identified by the Romans with Diana (q.v.). Artemis was the daughter ... [11 Related Articles]
at Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The great temple was built by Croesus, king of Lydia, in about 550 BC and was rebuilt after being burned ... [5 Related Articles]
city, western Cuba, situated east of the Sierra del Rosario. Artemisa is a key commercial and processing centre of the region. Sugarcane, tobacco, and pineapples and other fruits are its ...
(from the article "desert") Smaller shrubs include Artemisia and Ephedra in Central Asia and North America, Atriplex in both these regions and also Australia, and Larrea in North and South America. Artemisia includes many ...
(from the article "malaria") ...to other, newer drugs. Chief among these newer drugs are chloroquine, a combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine, mefloquine, primaquine, and artemisinin-the latter a derivative of Artemisia annua, a type of ...
sister and wife of King Mausolus (reigned 377/376-353/352) of Caria, in southwestern Anatolia, and sole ruler for about three years after the king's death. She built for her husband, in ...
(from the article "moxa treatment") The term derives from the name of the wormwood plant most frequently used, Artemisia moxa, or (Japanese) A. mogusa. Acupuncture and moxibustion are sometimes used in combination for the treatment ...
(from the article "malaria") ...and in cases in which the parasites are resistant to other, newer drugs. Chief among these newer drugs are chloroquine, a combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine, mefloquine, primaquine, and artemisinin-the ...
(480 BC), during the Greco-Persian Wars, a Persian naval victory over the Greeks in an engagement fought near Artemisium, a promontory on the north coast of Euboea. The Greek fleet ... [1 Related Articles]
city, eastern Ukraine, on the Bakhmut River. The town originated in the 17th century as a fort protecting the Russian frontiers against the Crimean Tatars. Peter I (the Great) established ...
(from the article "circulation") Amphibian larvae and the adults of some species have gills. There are four arterial arches in salamanders (urodeles) and three in frogs (anurans). These are three through six of the ...
(from the article "respiration, human") ...tissues of the chest (mediastinal emphysema), possibly extending into the pericardium or into the neck. More seriously, the escaped alveolar gas may be carried by the blood circulation to the ...
(from the article "human cardiovascular system") ...the body. The arteries, which receive this blood at high pressure and velocity and conduct it throughout the body, have thick walls that are composed of elastic fibrous tissue and ...
(from the article "acrocyanosis") bluish discoloration of the hands caused by spasms in arterioles (small arteries) of the skin. Less commonly, the feet are affected. The fingers or toes are usually cold and sweat ...
chronic disease characterized by abnormal thickening and hardening of the walls of arteries, with a resulting loss of elasticity. The major form of arteriosclerosis is atherosclerosis, in which plaques of ... [7 Related Articles]
abnormal direct opening between an artery and a vein; it sometimes results from accidental penetration wounds or from vascular disease, or it may be congenital in origin. As a result ... [1 Related Articles]
inflammation of an artery or arteries. Arteritis may occur in a number of diseases, including syphilis, tuberculosis, pancreatic disease, serum sickness (a reaction against a foreign protein), and lupus erythematosus ... [1 Related Articles]
in human physiology, any of the vessels that, with one exception, carry oxygenated blood and nourishment from the heart to the tissues of the body. The exception, the pulmonary artery, ... [16 Related Articles]
city, Eddy county, southeastern New Mexico, U.S., near the Pecos River. It originated in 1890 as a stop (called Miller) on the old stagecoach route between Roswell and Carlsbad. As ...
(from the article "pingo") The open-system pingo forms in regions of discontinuous or thin permafrost. Artesian pressure builds up under the permafrost layer, and as the water rises, pushing up the overlying material, it ...
a man-made spring from which water flows under natural pressure without pumping. It is dug or drilled wherever a gently dipping, permeable rock layer (such as sandstone) receives water along ... [4 Related Articles]
Flemish leader who played a leading role in the preliminary phase of the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453). Governing Ghent with other "captains" from 1338, he aligned the Flemings with King ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Louis II") ...in their opposition to the Count's despotism, they would have proved successful, but Ghent and Bruges, always keen rivals, broke out into open feud. The power of Ghent reached its ...
(Sanskrit: "wealth," or "property"), in Hinduism, the pursuit of wealth or material advantage, one of the four traditional aims in life. The sanction for artha rests on the assumption that-with ... [1 Related Articles]
(Sanskrit: "Handbook of [the King's] Profit"), singularly important Indian manual on the art of politics, attributed to Kautilya (also known as Visnugupta or Canakya), who reportedly was chief minister to ... [9 Related Articles]
(Sanskrit: "the incidence of a case"), in Indian philosophy, the fifth of the five means of knowledge (pramana) by which man obtains accurate knowledge of the world. Arthapatti is knowledge ...
(from the article "fungus") ...asci (formerly Deuteromycota); contains 10 classes.Forms lichens; contains one order.Forms lichens; produces asci that elongate to discharge spores; example genera include Arthonia, Dirina, and...
(from the article "fungus") ...ascomata; many form ascocarps, although some have lost the ability to undergo meiosis and cannot produce asci (formerly Deuteromycota); contains 10 classes.Forms lichens; contains one order.Forms lichens; produces ...
(from the article "joint disease") ...are frequent in such cases, and the resulting fusion with loss of mobility is called ankylosis. Inflammation restricted to the lining of a joint (the synovial membrane) is referred to ...
inflammation of the joints and its effects. In its acute form, arthritis is marked by pain, inflammation, redness, and swelling. There are three principal forms; see osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis; septic ... [6 Related Articles]
(from the article "fungus") ...thereby allowing the fungus to use its haustoria to penetrate and kill a trapped animal. Perhaps the most amazing of these fungal traps are the so-called constricting rings of some ...
(from the article "joint") ...except those of the middle ear and those between the lower jaw and the braincase. The bones of a permanent joint do not fuse except as the result of disease ...
any member of an order of extinct, armoured, jawed fishes (placoderms) found in Devonian freshwater and marine deposits. (The Devonian period lasted from 416 million to 359 million years ago.) ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "joint disease") ...in this condition and in several other congenital disorders; only after other supporting tissues have altered the proper relationships does the contour of the bone and joint become distorted. In ...
(from the article "Anura") ...girdle firmisternal; ribs absent; amplexus axillary; larvae with single sinistral spiracle and complex mouthparts or undergoing direct development.No fossil record; 8 presacral vertebrae; vertebral column procoelous with Presacral VIII ...
(from the article "Anura") ...vertebrae; vertebral column procoelous with Presacral VIII (biconcave); aquatic larvae or direct development; 7 genera, 74 species; adult size 1.5-13 cm (0.5-5 inches); 2 subfamilies: Arthroleptinae (Africa) and Astylosterninae (Africa).
(from the article "bone disease") Arthroplasty, aimed at restoration of normal joint motion, is usually performed because of pain and restricted motion-for example, in rheumatoid arthritis of the elbow or the hip-but occasionally to restrict ...
any member of the phylum Arthropoda, the largest in the animal kingdom, which includes such familiar forms as lobsters, crabs, spiders, mites, insects, centipedes, and millipedes. About 84 percent of ... [32 Related Articles]
(from the article "John V (or VI)") ...of Troyes (1420), which made Henry V of England regent of France and heir to the French throne; but yet he had an alliance with the disinherited dauphin Charles and ...
legendary British king who appears in a cycle of medieval romances (known as the matter of Britain) as the sovereign of a knightly fellowship of the Round Table. It is ... [5 Related Articles]
village, Douglas and Moultrie counties, east-central Illinois, U.S. It lies about 30 miles (50 km) southwest of Champaign. Founded in 1873 as a railroad switching point, it was originally called ...
(from the article "Guinness PLC") In 1985 the firm acquired Arthur Bell & Sons PLC, a distiller of Scotch whisky, and in 1986 it bought The Distillers Co. PLC, which was the largest Scotch distiller ...
(from the article "research and development") Another type of organization is represented by Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., which is run on strictly commercial lines, seeking to make a commercially viable profit from the resources ...
duke of Brittany, a grandson of King Henry II of England; he was a rival of his uncle John (king of England from 1199) for several French provinces, both in ... [2 Related Articles]
steel vertical-lift bridge, completed in 1959, spanning the Arthur Kill (channel) between Elizabeth, N.J., and Staten Island, N.Y. The movable section, suspended from two 215-foot- (66-metre-) high towers, is 558 ...
(from the article "Edinburgh") ...slope between the Pentland Hills and the broad Firth of Forth estuary, where it merges with the once-independent seaport of Leith. Upthrusts of lava punctuate this slope. One of them, ...
21st president of the United States. Elected vice president on the Republican ticket of 1880, Arthur acceded to the presidency upon the assassination of President James A. Garfield. As president, ... [4 Related Articles]
wife of Chester A. Arthur, 21st president of the United States. She never served as first lady because she died of pneumonia before her husband assumed office. The president's sister, ...
(from the article "ice hockey") ...arenas (still with natural ice and no heat for spectators) were being constructed throughout eastern Canada. In 1893 national attention was focused on the game when the Canadian governor-general, Frederick ...
(from the article "Barbados") ...(166 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 294,000 | Capital: Bridgetown | Chief of state: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Governor-General Sir Clifford Husbands | Head of government: Prime Minister ...
colonial administrator who was governor of Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) from 1825 to 1836. His efforts to expand the island's economy were remarkably successful. [1 Related Articles]
the body of stories and medieval romances, known as the matter of Britain, centring on the legendary king Arthur. Medieval writers, especially the French, variously treated stories of Arthur's birth, ... [22 Related Articles]
in Hindu and Jaina rites, the waving of lighted lamps before an image of a god or a person to be honoured. In performing the rite, the worshiper circles the ...
(from the article "Italy") ...preserved a system in which sovereignty explicitly rested with the popolo, an elite class drawn from the seven major guilds, or arti maggiori-that is, ...
(from the article "Italy") ...the silk merchants, the doctors and apothecaries, the wool merchants, and the dealers in furs. Together with dominant figures from five guilds of lesser status (the arti ...
river, the longest on the island of Hispaniola. It rises in the Cordillera Central (Cibao Mountains) of the Dominican Republic and flows southwest along the border with Haiti and then ...
large, coarse, herbaceous, thistlelike perennial plant (Cynara scolymus) of the Asteraceae family. The thick edible scales and bottom parts of the immature flower heads are a culinary delicacy. The bottom ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Romance languages") The definite and indefinite articles were unknown in Latin but developed everywhere in Romance, usually from the Latin demonstrative ille 'that' (though in a few parts from reflexive ipse 'himself') ...
(from the article "Russia") ...by the emperor, who in practice seldom chose members of the Duma or State Council to be ministers. In addition, the emperor had the right to dissolve the legislative chambers ...
(from the article "International Monetary Fund") The IMF consults annually with each member government. Through these contacts, known as "Article IV Consultations," the IMF attempts to assess each country's economic health and to forestall future financial ...
early Lutheran confession of faith, written in 1529 by Martin Luther and other Wittenberg theologians and incorporated into the Augsburg Confession by Philipp Melanchthon in 1530. It was prepared at ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "joint") Articular cartilage (cartilage that covers the articulating part of a bone) is of the type called hyaline (glasslike) because thin sections of it are translucent, even transparent. Unlike bone, it ...
(from the article "joint") The sources of nerve fibres to a joint conform well to Hilton's law-the nerves to the muscles acting on a joint give branches to that joint as well as to ...
(from the article "lamp shells") The Articulata, diverse and most numerous from Ordovician times to the present, were, in the Cambrian, represented by several specialized forms. Articulate evolution tended toward shell elaboration for bottom dwelling ...
(from the article "automobile") Articulated rear axles offer individual wheel suspension at the rear as well as the front. Individual rear suspension not only eliminates the heavy rear axle housing but also permits lowered ...
(from the article "bus") Articulated buses were first used in Europe in the 1950s. In this arrangement a trailer body is connected to the rear of a conventional front-engine bus by means of a ...
(from the article "education") In the classroom, it is the aim of the lessons to introduce new conceptions, to bind them together, and to order them. Herbart speaks of "articulation," a systematic method of ...
in phonetics, a configuration of the vocal tract (the larynx and the pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities) resulting from the positioning of the mobile organs of the vocal tract (e.g., ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Spanish literature") ...Romanticism, contributing to both Romanticism and the later realism movement through realistic prose. The cuadro de costumbres and articulo de costumbres-short literary sketches on ...
(from the article "archaeology") The archaeologist is first a descriptive worker: he has to describe, classify, and analyze the artifacts he studies. An adequate and objective taxonomy is the basis of all archaeology, and ...
(from the article "apprenticeship") ...given to the sons of guild members or the sons of wealthy acquaintances. Responding to these improprieties, the English government tried to define the conditions of apprenticeship with the Statute ...
(from the article "metallurgy") ...than the equilibrium concentration. This produces what is known as solid-solution hardening, but the alloy can usually be hardened appreciably more by aging to allow a very fine precipitate to ...
(from the article "control theory") The advancement of technology (artificial biology) and the deeper understanding of the processes of biology (natural technology) has given reason to hope that the two can be combined; man-made devices ...
