(from the article "Estonian literature") ...1930s a renewal of realism brought poetry closer to life, but the only outstanding poetry of this revival was descriptions of modern urban life in the work of Juhan Sutiste ...
Scottish mathematician, physician, and occasional writer, remembered as the close friend of Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, and John Gay and as a founding member of their famous Scriblerus Club, which ... [4 Related Articles]
genus of about 14 species of broad-leaved evergreen shrubs or trees, of the heath family (Ericaceae), characterized by white or pink flowers in loose, terminal clusters and by many-seeded, fleshy, ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "geoid") ...for determining the size of the Earth (see the figure). He used a simple principle of estimating the size of a great circle passing through the North and South poles. ...
the largest triumphal arch in the world, and one of the best-known commemorative monuments of Paris, France. The arch stands at the centre of the Place Charles de Gaulle (formerly ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Paris") Northwest from the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel (Carrousel Triumphal Arch), located in the courtyard between the open arms of the Louvre, extends one of the most remarkable perspectives to ...
type of electric furnace (q.v.) in which heat is generated by an arc between carbon electrodes above the surface of the material (commonly a metal) being heated. [5 Related Articles]
device for producing light by maintaining an electric arc across a gap between two conductors; light comes from the heated ends of the conductors (usually carbon rods) as well as ... [7 Related Articles]
(from the article "Isere River") ...it is dammed again. The river then zigzags across mountain ranges passing through Albertville, where it receives the Arly and turns southwest, flowing through the Combe de Savoie depression. The ...
(from the article "trigonometry") Each trigonometric function has an inverse function, that is, a function that "undoes" the original function. For example, the inverse function for the sine function is written arc sin or ...
use of a sustained luminous electrical discharge (arc) as a source of heat for melting the filler metal (welding rod) and the metals being welded. See welding. [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "plate tectonics") ...birth to a line of volcanoes in the overriding plate, known as a volcanic arc, typically a few hundred kilometres behind the oceanic trench. The distance between the trench and ...
(from the article "ark shell") ...the 200 or so known species are found in tropical seas, with only a few species occurring in temperate areas. Ark shells are slow-moving or sedentary. Many species, especially those ...
in architecture, a series of arches carried by columns or piers, a passageway between arches and a solid wall, or a covered walkway that provides access to adjacent shops. An ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Pac-Man") In 1980 the Japanese arcade game manufacturer Namco Limited introduced the world to Pac-Man. The lead designer was Iwatani Tohru, who intended to create a game that ...
mountainous region of the central Peloponnesus of ancient Greece. The pastoral character of Arcadian life together with its isolation partially explains why it was represented as a paradise in Greek ... [5 Related Articles]
city, Los Angeles county, California, U.S. It lies at the base of the San Gabriel Mountains. The region had been inhabited by Tongva (or Gabrielino) Indians before it became part ...
any of the 18th-century Portuguese literary societies that attempted to revive poetry in that country by urging a return to classicism. They were modeled after the Academy of Arcadia, which ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "international relations") After Pearl Harbor, Churchill requested an immediate conference with Roosevelt. The two met for three weeks at the Arcadia Conference in Washington after Dec. 22, 1941. They reaffirmed the "Europe ...
(from the article "arcadia") In 1756 Antonio Dinis da Cruz e Silva and others established the Arcadia Lusitana, its first aim being the uprooting of Gongorism, a style studded with Baroque conceits and Spanish ...
Italian literary academy founded in Rome in 1690 to combat Marinism, the dominant Italian poetic style of the 17th century. The Arcadians sought a more natural, simple poetic style based ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "Arcadia") ...between the towns subsequently prevented them from uniting against Spartan power. Most Arcadians remained faithful to Sparta during the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC), though in 370 BC the Arcadian League, ...
Eastern Roman emperor conjointly with his father, Theodosius I, from 383 to 395, then solely until 402, when he associated his son Theodosius II with his own rule. Frail and ... [9 Related Articles]
(from the article "Literature") Nelly Arcan continued to enjoy the fruits of scandal with her confessional novel Folle, which followed on the heels of her earlier phenomenon, Putain (2001). Both books played on the ...
French Canadian filmmaker whose movies, most notably Les Invasions barbares (2003; The Barbarian Invasions), embodied his intellectual curiosity and passion for politics, art, and ... [3 Related Articles]
(from Latin arcanum, "secret"), in the 18th century, a European who knew or claimed to know the secret of making certain kinds of pottery (especially true porcelain), which until 1707 ...
American jockey who was the first to ride five Kentucky Derby winners and two U.S. Triple Crown champions (winners of the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes, and the Belmont Stakes). ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Bolivia") ...direct involvement in national political life. Whereas Bolivian presidents under Conservative rule in the 19th century had been either silver magnates themselves (Gregorio Pacheco, 1884-88; Aniceto Arce, 1888-92) or closely ...
(from the article "United Provinces of Central America") ...constituent states, which were to enjoy complete local autonomy; suffrage was restricted to the upper classes, slavery was abolished, and the privileges of the Roman Catholic church were maintained. Manuel ...
(from the article "testacean") ...soil. The test has an underlying membrane of chitinous material that is similar to an insect's exoskeleton. The outer layer may be a brownish chitinoid shell secreted by the inner ...
(from the article "Business Overview") ...July hot-rolled steel was priced at $575 per metric ton, compared with $175 per metric ton in 2001-and demand for steel was expected to grow in 2008 by 4% in ...
philosopher who succeeded Crates as head of the Greek Academy; he introduced a skepticism derived either from Socrates or from Pyrrhon and Timon. Refusing to accept or deny the possibility ... [5 Related Articles]
in architecture and civil engineering, a curved member that is used to span an opening and to support loads from above. The arch formed the basis for the evolution of ... [20 Related Articles]
(from the article "bridge") The Romans began organized bridge building to help their military campaigns. Engineers and skilled workmen formed guilds that were dispatched throughout the empire, and these guilds spread and exchanged building ...
(from the article "dam") The advantages of building a curved dam-thus using the water pressure to keep the joints in the masonry closed-were appreciated as early as Roman times. An arch dam is a ...
unicellular organisms that are prokaryotic (that is, do not have a membrane-bound nucleus and other internal units) but that differ in certain physiological and genetic features from bacteria, the most ... [8 Related Articles]
(from the article "cetacean") Cetaceans are distant descendants of a group of poorly defined mammals known as condylarths. There is debate as to whether the first cetaceans (archaeocetes) descended from an extinct group of ...
any member of an extinct group of marine organisms of uncertain relationships found as fossils in marine limestones of Late Precambrian and Early Cambrian age (Precambrian time ended about 542 ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "bristletail") The oldest known insect fossil for which there is significant remaining structure (head and thorax fragments) is a bristletail (Archaeognatha), estimated to be 390 to 392 million years old. It ...
(from the article "primate") 4 genera and 5 species from Madagascar, all extinct within the past 2,000 years. Holocene.2 recently extinct genera and 3 species from Madagascar, all extinct ...
(from the article "Olympia") ...of the Statue of Zeus. In the late 20th century, research was conducted primarily by the German Archaeological Institute in Athens and the Ephorate (Magistrate) of Antiquities in Olympia. The ...
(from the article "Hamdi Bey, Osman") Hamdi Bey founded the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul and became its director in 1881. His enlightened taste and energy did much to establish the reputation of the museum and its ...
(from the article "ancient Greek civilization") ...of the royal and satrapal courts. At Athens itself, the great magnet for immigrants was naturally Piraeus, the city's densely populated, multilingual, multiracial port. Bilingual inscriptions in the Archaeological Museum ...
(from the article "anthropology") In order to systematically document and interpret the material remains of past societies, archaeologists have developed a common set of methods and procedures. These include archaeological survey (reconnaissance), excavation, and ...
chronology that describes a period of human or protohuman prehistory. Some archaeological timescales are based on relative dating techniques, such as stratigraphy, which illuminate a sequence of change. Others are ... [1 Related Articles]
the scientific study of the material remains of past human life and activities. These include human artifacts from the very earliest stone tools to the man-made objects that are buried ... [48 Related Articles]
(from the article "artiodactyl") A possible ruminant ancestor was Archaeomeryx from the upper Eocene of China, a small animal that already had a fused naviculo-cuboid bone in the ankle. Tragulids occurred in Africa and ...
genus of plants that was probably the first true tree to form forests during the Late Devonian Epoch (about 385 to 359 million years ago). Fossils of Archaeopteris confirm the ... [1 Related Articles]
the oldest-known fossil animal that is generally accepted as a bird. The eight known fossil specimens date to the Late Jurassic Period (161 million to 146 million years ago), and ... [8 Related Articles]
(from the article "vertebrate") ...feathers; scales on feet; 4-chambered heart; no teeth; horny beak; lungs with extended air sacs; 12 pairs of cranial nerves; internal fertilization; oviparous.†Extinct; teeth in both jaws; long, feathered ...
(from the article "Africa") ...in the Sahara. Traces also have been discovered in parts of Guinea, Ghana, and Arabia, as well as in Gabon; they also occur in the Bokkeveld Series of South Africa. ...
(from the article "fungus") ...of chitin.Arbuscular mycorrhizal; single or clustered spores; contains four orders.Arbuscular mycorrhizal; spores form singly or in loose clusters; example genera include Archaeospora and...
(from the article "crustacean") ...bearing a pair of appendages; about 22,000 species.Early Cambrian to present.Devonian to Triassic.malacostracanAnnotated classification...in the fossil record belong ...
(from the article "Chinese languages") Some scholars divide the history of the Chinese languages into Proto-Sinitic (Proto-Chinese; until 500 BC), Archaic (Old) Chinese (8th to 3rd century BC), Ancient (Middle) Chinese (through AD 907), and ...
any of the ancient cultures of North or South America that developed from Paleo-Indian traditions and led to the adoption of agriculture. Archaic cultures are defined by a group of ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "Horace") ...of the future before the final encounter between Octavian and Mark Antony, and the weariness of the people of Italy in the face of continuing violence. In doing so, he ...
in history and archaeology, the earliest phases of a culture; the term is most frequently used by art historians to denote the period of artistic development in Greece from about ... [14 Related Articles]
the smile that characteristically appears on the faces of Greek statues of the Archaic period (c. 650-480 BC), especially those from the second quarter of the 6th century BC. [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "dialect") ...innovation) appears among only one section of the speakers of a language, this automatically creates a dialectal difference. Sometimes an innovation in dialect A contrasts with the unchanged usage (archaism) ...
any of several chiefs, rulers, or princes of angels in the hierarchy of angels of the major Western religions, especially Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and of certain syncretic religions, such ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "Moscow") ...15th-century icons attributed to Theophanes the Greek and to Andrey Rublyov, considered by many to be the greatest of all Russian icon painters. The third cathedral, dedicated to St. Michael ...
in the Christian church, a bishop who, in addition to his ordinary episcopal authority in his own diocese, usually has jurisdiction (but no superiority of order) over the other bishops ... [8 Related Articles]
(from the article "bowerbird") The "mat," or "platform," type consists of a thick pad of plant material, ringed or hung about with objects, made by Archbold's bowerbird (Archboldia papuensis). The stagemaker, or tooth-billed catbird ...
(from the article "diplomatics") ...empire early in the 10th century, the German royal chancery developed the organization that was to characterize it throughout the remainder of the Middle Ages. The heads of the chancery ...
in the Christian church, originally the chief deacon at the bishop's church; during the European Middle Ages, a chief official of the diocese; an honorary title in the modern Roman ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Europe, history of") The archdiocese was divided into dioceses, each ruled by a bishop, who supervised his own administration and episcopal court. In ecclesiastical tradition, bishops were considered the successors of the Apostles, ...
a title, proper in modern times for members of the house of Habsburg. The title of archduke Palatine (Pfalz-Erzherzog) was first assumed by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, on the ...
the earlier of the two divisions of Precambrian time (about 4 billion to 542 million years ago). The Archean Eon began about 4 billion years ago with the formation of ... [7 Related Articles]
(from the article "stringed instrument") The arched belly or soundboard of the violin and its relatives is supported in a curiously unorthodox and individual way, quite different from the regular barring of instruments with flat ...
musical instrument in which the neck extends from and forms a bow-shaped curve with the body. One of the principal forms of harp, it is apparently also the most ancient: ... [2 Related Articles]
the female reproductive organ in ferns and mosses. An archegonium also occurs in some gymnosperms, e.g., cycads and conifers. A flask-shaped structure, it consists of a neck, with one or ... [9 Related Articles]
extinct giant sea turtle known from fossilized remains found in North American rocks of the Late Cretaceous epoch (100 million to 66 million years ago). Archelon, protected by a shell ...
(from the article "digestive system, human") ...embryo converts the initially single-layered embryo into a two-layered one, a process called gastrulation. The new inner layer of cells, called endoderm (sometimes entoderm), surrounds a cavity, the archenteron, which ...
(from the article "Woertz, Patricia A.") American businesswoman who was named president and CEO of the agricultural processing corporation Archer Daniels Midland Co. (ADM) in 2006.
any of six species of Indo-Pacific fishes of the family Toxotidae (order Perciformes) noted for their ability to knock their insect prey off overhanging vegetation by "shooting" it with drops ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "1971: Other Winners") ...Screenplay: Paddy Chayefsky for The HospitalAdapted Screenplay: Ernest Tidyman for The French ConnectionCinematography: Oswald Morris for Fiddler on the RoofArt Direction: Ernest Archer, John Box, Jack Maxsted, Gil Parrondo for ...
(from the article "Martha's Vineyard") ...coastline is characterized by numerous inlets and ponds sealed by sand spits from the sea. It was probably sighted by many early navigators but was first recorded in 1602 by ...
(from the article "Macdonald, Ross") ...and The Three Roads (1948). Under the name John Macdonald he wrote The Moving Target (1949; reissued in 1966 as Harper), in which he introduces the shrewd private investigator Lew ...
(from the article "Riversleigh fossils") ...is an isolated area about 140 miles (225 km) northwest of the city of Mount Isa. The fossils are found in limestone rock outcrops near the Gregory River. Since the ...
British architect and practitioner of what was, for England, an extraordinarily extravagant Baroque style, marked by lavish curves, large scale, and bold detail.
Canadian composer (b. April 24, 1913, Montreal, Que.-d. Feb. 21, 2000, Ottawa, Ont.), was an accomplished musician whose large body of work encompassed a variety of genres. She was also ...
ancient Greek sculptor from the island of Chios who was known for his treatment of draped female figures. Associated with his father, Micciades, and his sons Bupalus and Athenis, Archermus ...
(from the article "Powell, Michael") ...of a long, stimulating partnership; after the success of their next two collaborations, Contraband (1940) and 49th Parallel (U.S., The Invaders, 1941) they formed (1942) The Archers, a joint production ...
desert area of sandstone formations in eastern Utah, U.S., on the Colorado River just north of Moab and northeast of Canyonlands National Park. Established as a national monument in 1929 ...
(from the article "cookbook") ...such as stuffed vine leaves and several varieties of cheesecake. Athenaeus was by no means the earliest Greek writer on cooking; he mentions more than 20 authors who preceded him, ...
(from Greek archetypos, "original pattern"), in literary criticism, a primordial image, character, or pattern of circumstances that recurs throughout literature and thought consistently enough to be considered a universal concept ... [11 Related Articles]
(from the article "Caucasian languages") This language group includes Lezgi (with 240,000 speakers in Dagestan and about 170,000 in Azerbaijan); Tabasaran (about 90,000); Agul (about 12,000); Rutul (about 15,000); Tsakhur (about 11,000); Archi (fewer than ...
(from the article "Syracuse") Syracuse was settled about 734 BC by Corinthians led by the aristocrat Archias, and the city soon dominated the coastal plain and hill country beyond. The original Greek settlers of ...
ancient Greek poet who came to Rome, where he was charged in 62 BC with having illegally assumed the rights of a Roman citizen. He was defended by Cicero in ...
