| | - Abu Muhammad al-Baghawi
- (from the article "Hadith") ...Muslims, within the unique eminence of the master "pair," and formed the sources of later popular editions, intended to conflate material for didactic purposes. One such was the work of ...
- Abu Musa
- (from the article "Shariqah, Al-") Prior to independence Iran asserted its claim to the Al-Shariqah island of Abu Musa, in the open gulf northwest of Al-Shariqah town, and landed troops there. A subsequent agreement between ...
- Abu Musa al-Ash'ari
- (from the article "Siffin, Battle of") ...appearance of Mu'awiyah's troops with copies of the Qur'an impaled on their lances-supposedly a sign to let God's word decide the conflict. 'Ali delegated Abu Musa al-Ash'ari as his representative, ...
- Abu Muslim
- leader of a revolutionary movement in Khorasan who, while acting as an agent for the 'Abbasid family, was instrumental in the downfall of the Umayyad caliphate and in placing the ... [8 Related Articles]
- Abu Najib al-Suhrawardi
- (from the article "Suhrawardiyah") Muslim order of mystics (Sufis) noted for the severity of its spiritual discipline, founded in Baghdad by Abu Najib as-Suhrawardi and developed by his nephew 'Umar as-Suhrawardi. The order's ritual ...
- Abu Nasr al-Malik ar-Rahim
- (from the article "Buyid Dynasty") After the death of 'Adud ad-Dawlah, a slackening economy, dissention in the army, and general Buyid disunity hastened the dynasty's decline. In 1055, the last Buyid ruler, Abu Nasr al-Malik ...
- Abu Nasr Mansur
- (from the article "mathematics") In addition, in the late 10th century Abu'l-Wafa' and the prince Abu Nasr Mansur stated and proved theorems of plane and spherical geometry that could be applied by astronomers and ...
- Abu Nidal
- militant leader of the Fatah Revolutionary Council, more commonly known as the Abu Nidal Organization (ANO), or Abu Nidal Group, a Palestinian organization that engaged in numerous acts of terrorism ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abu Nidal Organization
- (from the article "Abu Nidal") militant leader of the Fatah Revolutionary Council, more commonly known as the Abu Nidal Organization (ANO), or Abu Nidal Group, a Palestinian organization that engaged in numerous acts of terrorism ...
- Abu Nuwas
- important poet of the early 'Abbasid period (750-835). [5 Related Articles]
- Abu Nuwas Street
- (from the article "Baghdad") ...copper, textile, and gold bazaars. South of Rashid Street a commercial area with shops, cinemas, and business offices has spread along Sa'dun Street. Parallel to Sa'dun, Abu Nuwas Street on ...
- Abu ol-Hasan Simjuri
- (from the article "Iran") ...in the Kuhestan region of southern Khorasan. Alp Tigin founded the Ghaznavid fortunes when he established himself at Ghazna (modern Ghazni, Afghanistan) in 962. He and Abu al-Hasan Simjuri, as ...
- Abu Qir Bay
- semicircular inlet of the Mediterranean Sea, lying between Abu Qir Point (southwest) and the mouth of the Rosetta Branch (northeast) of the Nile River delta, in Lower Egypt. The bay ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abu Qubays, Mount
- (from the article "Mecca") ...Wadi Ibrahim and several of its short tributaries. It is surrounded by the Sirat Mountains, the peaks of which include Mount (Jabal) Ajyad, which rises to 1,332 feet, and Mount ...
- Abu Risha, Sheikh Abdul Sattar
- (from the article "Iraq") ...following months the tribes were quite successful in this endeavour. In early September 2007, U.S. Pres. George W. Bush visited the province and met with members of the council, including ...
- Abu Rishah, 'Umar
- Syrian poet and diplomat, noted for his early poetry, which broke with the traditions of Arab classicism.
- Abu Rujmayn
- (from the article "Syria") Smaller mountains are scattered about the country. Among these are Mount Al-Duruz, which rises to an elevation of some 5,900 feet (1,800 metres) in the extreme south, and the Abu ...
- Abu Ruwaysh
- ancient Egyptian site of a 4th-dynasty (c. 2575-c. 2465 BCE) pyramid built by Redjedef, usually considered the third of the seven kings of that dynasty. The site is about 5 ...
- Abu Sa'id
- (from the article "Il-Khanid Dynasty") ...1304-16) converted to Shi'ite Islam in 1310. Oljeitu's conversion gave rise to great unrest, and civil war was imminent when he died in 1316. His son and successor, Abu Sa'id ...
- Abu Sa'id
- (from the article "Jahan Shah") ...Shah's rule the Kara Koyunlu extended their domain over Iraq, Fars, and Esfahan (1453). In 1458 he invaded Khorasan and seized Herat from the Timurid Abu Sa'id, but the growing ...
- Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi
- (from the article "Qarmatian") ...the sect in southern Iraq in the second half of the 9th century. The Qarmatians became notorious for an insurrection in Syria and Iraq in 903-906 and for the exploits ...
- Abu Sa'id ibn Abu al-Khayr
- (from the article "Persian literature") Probably the first Persian poems written by mystics were robaiyat. An extensive collection of these poems is attributed to Abu Sa'id ibn Abu al-Khayr, who died in ...
- Abu Sahl al-Kuhi
- (from the article "mathematics") However, not only arithmetic and algebra but geometry too underwent extensive development. Thabit ibn Qurrah, his grandson Ibrahim ibn Sinan (909-946), Abu Sahl al-Kuhi (died c. 995), and Ibn al-Haytham ...
- Abu Salabikh, Tall
- (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") ...took place at the end of the 4th millennium. The earliest Akkadian names and words occur in written sources of the 27th century. The names of several Akkadian scribes are ...
- Abu Sayyaf
- (from the article "Philippines") In the southern Philippines, the heaviest fighting in three years disrupted a government cease-fire with Islamic extremists seeking a separate Muslim state. The terrorist groups Abu Sayyaf and the Moro ...
- Abu Seif, Salah
- Egyptian filmmaker whose movies, noted for their realism and progressive political messages, drew criticism from Muslim religious leaders and the Egyptian government; several of his films were banned (b. May ...
- Abu Shahrayn
- (from the article "Abu Shahrayn") mound in southern Iraq, site of the ancient Sumerian city of Eridu (q.v.).for more general content related to this topicEridu
- Abu Simbel
- site of two temples built by the Egyptian king Ramses II (reigned 1279-13 BCE), now located in Aswan muhafazah (governorate), southern Egypt. In ancient times the area ... [6 Related Articles]
- Abu Sir
- ancient site between Al-Jizah (Giza) and Saqqarah, northern Egypt, where three 5th-dynasty (c. 2465-c. 2325 BCE) kings (Sahure, Neferirkare, and Neuserre) built their pyramids. The pyramids were poorly constructed (in ... [2 Related Articles]
- Abu Sufyan
- (from the article "Muhammad") The Quraysh, however, did not give up their quest to destroy the nascent Islamic community. With that goal in mind, in 624-625 they dispatched an army of 3,000 men under ...
- Abu Taghlib
- (from the article "Hamdanid Dynasty") ...and expanded westward into Syria. In 979 the Hamdanids were driven out of Mosul by the Buyid 'Adud ad-Dawlah, who was then annexing Iraq to his domains, and Abu Taghlib ...
- Abu Tahir Sulayman
- (from the article "Qarmatian") ...became notorious for an insurrection in Syria and Iraq in 903-906 and for the exploits of two Bahraini leaders, Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi and his son and successor, Abu Tahir Sulayman, ...
- Abu Talib
- (from the article "Muhammad") ...died when he was six years old. Now completely orphaned, he was brought up by his grandfather 'Abd al-Muttalib, who also died two years later. He was then placed in ...
- Abu Talib Kalim
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...(died 1602), the author of an important, though biased, historical work, deeply influenced the Emperor's religious ideas. Among 17th-century Mughal court poets, the most outstanding is Abu Talib Kalim (died ...
- Abu Tammam
- poet and editor of an anthology of early Arabic poems known as the Hamasah. [4 Related Articles]
- Abu Widan, Ahmad Pasha
- (from the article "Sudan, history of the") His successor, Ahmad Pasha Abu Widan, continued his policies with but few exceptions and made it his primary concern to root out official corruption. Abu Widan dealt ruthlessly with offenders ...
- Abu Ya'qub Yusuf
- (from the article "Almohads") ...the Almoravid state in 1147, subjugating the Maghrib, and captured Marrakech, which became the Almohad capital. Almoravid domains in Andalusia, however, were left virtually intact until the caliph Abu Ya'qub ...
- Abu Yahya
- (from the article "Marinid dynasty") ...group-traditional allies of the Umayyad caliphs of Cordoba in Spain. The Marinids had been established in eastern Morocco for more than a century when, in 1248, their ruler, Abu Yahya, ...
- Abu Yahya Abu Bakr
- (from the article "Abu al-Hasan 'Ali") Abu al-Hasan expanded his influence in Tunisia and married a daughter of Abu Bakr, the Hafsid ruler of Tunisia, which by 1342 had become a virtual vassal state. After Abu ...
- Abu Yusuf
- (from the article "Hanafiyah") ...Basra. Hanafi legal thought (madhhab) developed from the teachings of the theologian Imam Abu Hanifah (c. 700-767) by such disciples as Abu Yusuf (d. 798) and Muhammad ash-Shaybani (749/750-805) and ...
- Abu Yusuf Ya'qub
- (from the article "Marinid dynasty") ...Yahya, captured Fes (Fez) and made it the Marinid capital. With the defeat of the last of the Almohads and the capture of Marrakech in 1269, the Marinids, under Abu ...
- Abu Zaby
- constituent emirate of the United Arab Emirates (formerly Trucial States, or Trucial Oman). Though its international boundaries are disputed, it is unquestionably the largest of the country's seven constituent emirates, ... [2 Related Articles]
- Abu Zakariyya' Yahya
- (from the article "Hafsid dynasty") Amazigh (Berber) dynasty of the 13th-16th century in Ifriqiyyah (Tunisia and eastern Algeria), founded by the Almohad governor Abu Zakariyya' Yahya about 1229. In the 20 years of his rule, ...
- Abu Zayd al-Saruji
- (from the article "Hariri, al-") ...al-khawass). The Maqamat recounts in the words of the narrator, al-Harith ibn Hammam, his repeated encounters with Abu Zayd al-Saruji, an unabashed confidence artist and wanderer possessing ...
- Abu Zayd, Nasr Hamid
- Even five years after he was declared an apostate by a high court, ordered to divorce his wife, and, in effect, forced out of his homeland, Egyptian academic Nasr Hamid ...
- Abu'l Khayr
- (from the article "Kazakhstan") ...catastrophe, the "Great Disaster," has never faded among the Kazakhs. The next and last Dzungar invasion hit the Middle Horde, but-thanks to the skills of that horde's khan, Abu'l-Khayr (1718-49), ...
- Abu'l-Khayr Khan
- (from the article "Uzbekistan") ...northwestern Siberia, where they probably adopted the name Uzbek from the admired Muslim ruler of the Golden Horde, Oz Beg (Uzbek) Khan (reigned 1312-41). A descendant of Genghis Khan, Abu'l-Khayr ...
- Abu'l-Wafa'
- a distinguished Muslim astronomer and mathematician, who made important contributions to the development of trigonometry. [1 Related Articles]
- Abu, Mount
- (from the article "Abu") city, southwestern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It is situated on the slopes of Mount Abu, an isolated feature of the Aravali Range. The city is a noted hill resort, and ...
- Abu-Assad, Hany
- (from the article "Performing Arts") ...was the portrait of a retiree who returns to Istanbul from teaching in a poor village and finds disillusionment on all sides. Paradise Now, directed by Dutch Palestinian Hany Abu-Assad, ...
- Abu-Jaber, Diana
- (from the article "Literary Voices for Islam in the West") The virtue of the veiled woman that Aboulela portrays, however, is questioned by Diana Abu-Jaber, an Arab American writer, in Crescent (2003). Rana, a veiled Muslim student in the U.S., ...
- Abubakar, Abdusalam
- Nigerian military leader, who served as head of state (1998-99). [2 Related Articles]
- Abubakar, Atiku
- (from the article "Nigeria") ...of the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP), the victorious candidate, with a landslide 24.6 million votes. Former military head of state Muhammadu Buhari won 6.6 million votes, and Vice Pres. ...
- Abuit, Roger
- (from the article "Vanuatu") Area: 12,190 sq km (4,707 sq mi) | Population (2004 est.): 216,000 | Capital: Vila | Chief of state: Presidents John Bernard Bani, Roger Abuit (acting) from March 24, Alfred ...
- Abuja
- federal capital territory, central Nigeria, created in 1976. The territory is located north of the confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers. It is bordered by the states of Niger ...
- Abuja
- city and capital of Nigeria. It lies in the central part of the Abuja federal capital territory (created 1976), approximately 300 miles (480 km) northeast of Lagos, the former capital ... [6 Related Articles]
- Abukuma-sammyaku
- (Japanese: Abukuma Mountains), range in northern Honshu, Japan, extending for 106 miles (170 km) north to south and paralleling the Pacific coast of Fukushima Prefecture (ken), Tohoku Region (chiho). Its ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abulafia, Abraham ben Samuel
- (from the article "Judaism") ...of "left-hand sefirot" and a corresponding exuberant demonology. The second movement, whose main representative was the visionary and adventurer Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia (born 1240), justified itself ...
- abuna
- (from the article "Ethiopian Orthodox church") Beginning in the 12th century, the patriarch of Alexandria appointed the Ethiopian archbishop, known as the abuna (Arabic: "our father"), who was always an Egyptian Coptic monk; this created a ...
- Abuna River
- a headwater of the Amazon, east of the Cordillera Oriental of the Andes. The navigable river flows for about 200 miles (320 km) northeast through rain forests, forming Bolivia's northern ...
- abundance of the elements
- (from the article "Chemical elements") The relative numbers of atoms of the various elements are usually described as the abundances of the elements. The chief sources of data from which information is gained about present-day ...
- abundant number
- (from the article "number game") Most numbers are either "abundant" or "deficient." In an abundant number, the sum of its proper divisors (i.e., including 1 but excluding the number itself) is greater than the number; ...
- Aburatsubo Bay
- (from the article "Miura") ...a base for commercial deep-sea fishing, especially of tuna. Besides tuna, the city is well known for its locally grown radishes, and cabbages and watermelons are also produced. Joga Island, ...
- abus de droit
- (from the article "property law") ...a unified protection of the privilege of use like that of the Anglo-American nuisance law. In France this lack has been addressed by the development of the concept of
- Abuse of Reason
- (from the article "Hayek, F.A.") ...later ideas on economics and knowledge, eventually presented in his 1936 presidential address to the London Economic Club. During the war years LSE evacuated to Cambridge. There Hayek worked on ...
- Abyad, Jurj
- (from the article "Arabic literature") ...was particularly true for the countries of northwest Africa (the Maghrib), where such visits to Tunisia in 1908 and Morocco in 1923 led to the appearance of local troupes, while ...
- Abydos
- prominent sacred city and one of the most important archaeological sites of ancient Egypt. The site, located in the low desert west of the Nile near al-Balyana, was a royal ... [3 Related Articles]
- Abydos
- ancient Anatolian town located just northeast of the modern Turkish town of Canakkale on the east side of the Dardanelles (Hellespont). Probably originally a Thracian town, it was colonized about ...
- Abydos list of kings
- (from the article "Abydos") ...In a long gallery leading to other rooms is a relief showing Seti and his son Ramses making offerings to the cartouches of 76 of their dead predecessors beginning with ...
- Abydos passion play
- (from the article "theatre, Western") ...important of these involved the god Osiris. He was the subject of what was known as the Abydos passion play, a yearly ritual performed from the period of the Old ...
- abyssal circulation
- (from the article "ocean") ...by horizontal differences in temperature and salinity-namely, the thermohaline circulation. The thermohaline circulation reaches down to the seafloor and is often referred to as the deep, or abyssal, ocean circulation. ...
- abyssal cone
- (from the article "ocean") ...The turbidites build sedimentary deep-sea fans adjacent to the base of the continental slope. Turbidites also are found below the major river deltas of the world where they build features ...
- abyssal hill
- small, topographically well-defined submarine hill that may rise from several metres to several hundred metres above the abyssal seafloor, in water 3,000 to 6,000 m (10,000 to 20,000 feet) deep. ... [1 Related Articles]
- abyssal plain
- flat seafloor area at an abyssal depth (3,000 to 6,000 m [10,000 to 20,000 feet]), generally adjacent to a continent. These submarine surfaces vary in depth only from 10 to ... [4 Related Articles]
- abyssal zone
- portion of the ocean deeper than about 2,000 m (6,600 feet) and shallower than about 6,000 m (20,000 feet). The zone is defined mainly by its extremely uniform environmental conditions, ... [2 Related Articles]
- abyssalpelagic zone
- (from the article "marine ecosystem") ...photosynthesis occurs; it is roughly equivalent to the photic zone. Below this zone lie the mesopelagic, ranging between 200 and 1,000 metres, the bathypelagic, from 1,000 to 4,000 metres, and ...
- Abyssinia
- (from the article "eastern Africa, history of") The Christians retreated into what may be called Abyssinia, an easily defensible, socially cohesive unit that included mostly Christian, Semitic-speaking peoples in a territory comprising most of Eritrea, Tigray, and ...
- Abyssinian
- breed of domestic cat, probably of Egyptian origin, that has been considered to approximate the sacred cat of ancient Egypt more closely than any other living cat. The Abyssinian is ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abyssinian Baptist Church
- (from the article "Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr.") Powell was the son of the pastor of the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem, New York City. Brought up in a middle-class home, he received his B.A. from Colgate University ...
- Abyssinian ibex
- (from the article "Ethiopia") Uniquely Ethiopian and among the most endangered species are the walia ibex of the Simen Mountains, the mountain nyala (a kind of antelope), the Simien jackal, and the gelada monkey. ...
- Abyssinian intermediate
- (from the article "barley") ...photograph); Hordeum distichum, a two-rowed type having central florets producing kernels and lateral florets that are normally sterile; and Hordeum irregulare, sometimes called Abyssinian intermediate, the least cultivated, with fertile ...
- Abyssinian wolf
- (from the article "wolf") The critically endangered Abyssinian wolf (C. simensis) also looks similar to the coyote. It lives in a few isolated areas of grassland and heath scrub at high ...
- Abzug, Bella
- U.S. congresswoman (1971-77) and lawyer who founded several liberal political organizations for women and was a prominent opponent of the Vietnam War and a supporter of equal rights for women. [2 Related Articles]
- AC Milan
- (from the article "Football") ...Champions League final, played on May 23 at the OACA Spyro Louis Stadium in Athens, featured the same matchup of teams as the 2005 contest. Liverpool was hoping to repeat ...
- AC voltammetry
- (from the article "analysis") During AC voltammetry an alternating potential is added to the DC potential ramp used for LSV. Only the AC portion of the total current is measured and plotted as a ...
- AC/DC
- Australian heavy metal band whose theatrical, high-energy shows placed them among the most popular stadium performers of the 1980s. The principal members were Angus Young (b. March 31, 1955, Glasgow, ...
- acacia
- any of about 800 species of trees and shrubs comprising a genus (Acacia) in the pea family (Fabaceae) and native to tropical and subtropical regions of the world, particularly Australia ... [11 Related Articles]
- acacia ant
- (from the article "mutualism") Acacia ants (Pseudomyrmex ferruginea) inhabit the bull-horn acacia (Acacia cornigera), upon which they obtain food and shelter; the acacia depends on the ants for protection from browsing animals, which the ...
- Acacia collinsii
- (from the article "angiosperm") ...and birds (honeyeaters, hummingbirds, and sunbirds). Nectaries also occur on the nonfloral, or vegetative, parts of some angiosperms, such as the leaves and the petioles of bull's-horn thorn (Acacia collinsii; ...
- Acacia cornigera
- (from the article "mutualism") Acacia ants (Pseudomyrmex ferruginea) inhabit the bull-horn acacia (Acacia cornigera), upon which they obtain food and shelter; the acacia depends on the ants for protection from browsing animals, which the ...
- Acacia koa
- (from the article "conservation") ...the loss of their food sources. For example, another rare honeycreeper, the akiapolaau (Hemignathus munroi), is an insectivore that feeds on insects mainly on large koa (
- Acacia nilotica
- (from the article "grassland") ...be considered true grassland. The Mitchell grasslands were once much purer until they were altered by heavy grazing of domestic stock; today, vast tracts have been invaded by the African ...
- Acacia senegal
- (from the article "acacia") Several acacia species are important economically. A. senegal, native to the Sudan region in Africa, yields true gum arabic, a substance used in adhesives, pharmaceuticals, inks, confections, and other products. ...
- Acacian Schism
- (484-519), in Christian history, split between the patriarchate of Constantinople and the Roman See, caused by an edict by Byzantine patriarch Acacius that was deemed inadmissible by Pope Felix III. [10 Related Articles]
- Acacius
- (from the article "Homoean") in the Trinitarian controversies of the 4th-century Christian Church, a follower of Acacius, bishop of Caesarea. The Homoeans taught a form of Arianism that asserted that the Son was distinct ...
- Acacius
- (from the article "Felix III, Saint") pope from 483 to 492. He succeeded St. Simplicius on March 13. Felix excommunicated Acacius, patriarch of Constantinople, in 484 for publishing with the emperor Zeno a document called the ...
- academic freedom
- the freedom of teachers and students to teach, study, and pursue knowledge and research without unreasonable interference or restriction from law, institutional regulations, or public pressure. Its basic elements include ... [4 Related Articles]
- Academic Skepticism
- (from the article "epistemology") After the death of Aristotle the next significant development in the history of epistemology was the rise of Skepticism, of which there were at least two kinds. The first, Academic ...
- academie
- (from the article "higher education") Basic differences, however, distinguish these two countries' systems. French educational districts, called academies, are under the direction of a rector, an appointee of the national government who also is in ...
- Academie Parisienne
- (from the article "Mersenne, Marin") In 1635 Mersenne formed the informal, private Academie Parisienne (the precursor to the French Academy of Sciences), where many of the leading mathematicians and natural philosophers of France shared their ...
- Academy
- in ancient Greece, the academy, or college, of philosophy in the northwestern outskirts of Athens, where Plato acquired property about 387 BC and used to teach. At the site there ... [13 Related Articles]
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