| | - antibody
- a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, called an antigen. Antibodies recognize and latch onto antigens in order to remove ... [46 Related Articles]
- antibody-mediated food allergy
- (from the article "nutritional disease") A true food allergy involves an abnormal immunologic response to an otherwise harmless food component, usually a protein. In the case of antibody-mediated (immediate hypersensitivity) food allergies, within minutes or ...
- antibonding orbital
- (from the article "chemical bonding") ...occupies this orbital is excluded from the internuclear region, and its energy is higher than it would be if it occupied either atomic orbital. The orbital arising in this way ...
- antica corsiva
- (from the article "italic script") ...Florentine scribe Niccolo Niccoli (d. 1437) combined the rhythm and fluidity of the familiar black-letter current hand with the narrow, inclined strokes of the lettera antica in his antica corsiva, ...
- anticholinesterase
- any of several drugs that prevent destruction of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase within the nervous system. Acetylcholine acts to transmit nerve impulses within the parasympathetic nervous system-i.e., ... [4 Related Articles]
- Antichrist
- the polar opposite and ultimate enemy of Christ. According to Christian tradition, he will reign terribly in the period prior to the Last Judgment. The Antichrist first appeared in the ... [6 Related Articles]
- anticipation
- (from the article "acclimatization") Another surprising characteristic of acclimatization is its anticipatory nature-it can develop before the change occurs. It would seem that anticipation of the need for change would be required in order ...
- anticlassic style
- (from the article "painting, Western") ...(or deserved) either before or since. Certainly their soaring levels of achievement made it difficult for succeeding artists to follow in their footsteps and impossible to surpass them. Hence, the ...
- Anticleia
- (from the article "Autolycus") in Greek mythology, the maternal grandfather, through his daughter Anticleia, of the hero Odysseus. In Homer's Odyssey the god Hermes rewards Autolycus's faithful sacrifices to him by ...
- anticlericalism
- in Roman Catholicism, opposition to the clergy for its real or alleged influence in political and social affairs, for its doctrinairism, for its privileges or property, or for any other ... [8 Related Articles]
- anticlimax
- a figure of speech that consists of the usually sudden transition in discourse from a significant idea to a trivial or ludicrous one. Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock ...
- anticlinal vertebra
- (from the article "primate") The primate vertebral column shows a basic mammalian pattern of components, including an "anticlinal" vertebra situated in the mid-thoracic (upper-back) region of the spinal column and marking the transition between ...
- anticline
- (from the article "petroleum") Traps can be formed in many ways (Figure 1). Those formed by tectonic events, such as folding or faulting of rock units, are called structural traps. The most common structural ...
- anticlinorium
- (from the article "fold") An anticline is a fold that is convex upward, and a syncline is a fold that is concave upward (Figure 2). An anticlinorium is a large anticline on which minor ...
- Antico
- (from the article "Western sculpture") ...often of pagan, subjects and sometimes objects of utility (inkwells, candleholders, and so on), increased in popularity toward the end of the century. The elegant, polished antique gods made by ...
- anticoagulant
- any drug that, when added to blood, prevents it from clotting. Anticoagulants achieve their effect by suppressing the synthesis or function of various clotting factors that are normally present in ... [3 Related Articles]
- anticodon
- (from the article "heredity") ...tRNA molecules that will bind only to that specific amino acid. A tRNA molecule is a single nucleotide chain with several helical regions and a loop containing three unpaired nucleotides, ...
- anticoincidence counting
- (from the article "coincidence counting") In anticoincidence counting, two counters are connected so that a pulse is recorded by one of them only if there is no simultaneous pulse in the other. This is useful ...
- anticolonialism
- (from the article "Nehru, Jawaharlal") ...country to vote with the Soviet Union on the invasion of Hungary, and thereafter it was difficult for Nehru to command credence in his calls for nonalignment. In the early ...
- Anticosti Island
- island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River, part of the Cote-Nord region, southeastern Quebec province, Canada. The island is 140 miles (225 ... [1 Related Articles]
- Anticosti Platform
- (from the article "Saint Lawrence, Gulf of") ...as the Bradelle Bank, the Northumberland Strait, and above-water sections such as Prince Edward Island. On the far side of the axial St. Lawrence Trough are three northern elongated platforms: ...
- anticruelty law
- (from the article "animal rights") ...may exercise property rights. This status, however, often affords animals the indirect protection of laws intended to preserve social morality or the rights of animal owners, such as criminal anticruelty ...
- Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Piracy Act
- (from the article "ICANN") In 1999 the United States established a similar national system, administered by the federal courts, under the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act. Under this law, individuals can be fined up to ...
- anticyclone
- (from the article "anticyclone") any large wind system that rotates about a centre of high atmospheric pressure clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern. Its flow is the reverse of that ...
- antidepressant
- any member of a class of drugs used in psychiatry to relieve depression. Such a drug commonly belongs to one of three chemical types: a tricyclic antidepressant (so called because ... [9 Related Articles]
- antidiarrheal agent
- (from the article "drug") Diarrhea is the frequent passage of a watery, loose stool. Its causes range from serious organic disease to mental stress. In the treatment of diarrhea, kaolin powder is the most ...
- antidumping duty
- (from the article "countervailing duty") ...of unfair competition by foreign rivals-many of whom benefit from a strongly organized industry, unduly cheap exchange rates, sweatshop labour, or subsidies. Such duties are commonly known as antidumping duties. ...
- antiemetic
- (from the article "drug") Antiemetics are drugs that prevent vomiting. Broadly, they may be divided into two groups: drugs that are effective in combating motion sickness and drugs that are effective against nausea and ...
- antiepileptic drug
- (from the article "drug") Epilepsy is a general term for a group of central nervous system disorders characterized by transient but repeated episodes of abnormal electroencephalographic activity (seizures) that correlate with abnormal motor behaviour ...
- antiestrogen
- (from the article "drug") Estrogen can be both a beneficial and a harmful hormone. It maintains skeletal strength by preventing the loss of bone and enhancing calcium retention. However, estrogen causes the proliferation of ...
- Antietam, Battle of
- (September 17, 1862), a decisive engagement in the American Civil War (1861-65) that halted the Confederate advance on Maryland for the purpose of gaining military supplies. The advance was also ... [5 Related Articles]
- antiferromagnetism
- type of magnetism in solids such as manganese oxide (MnO) in which adjacent ions that behave as tiny magnets (in this case manganese ions, Mn2+) spontaneously align themselves at relatively ... [5 Related Articles]
- antifluorite structure
- (from the article "sulfide mineral") ...in turn, is surrounded by four metal cations. The reverse of this structure-the metal cation surrounded by four anions and each anion surrounded by eight metal cations-is called the antifluorite ...
- antifreeze
- (from the article "cooling system") The cooling agents customarily employed are air and a liquid (usually water or a solution of water and antifreeze), either alone or in combination. In some cases, direct contact with ...
- antifungal drug
- (from the article "drug") The fungi appear in two morphologies, or forms: a single cell that is round or oval (yeast) and a filamentous form (mold). Fungi differ from bacteria in several ways, including ...
- antigen
- foreign substance that, when introduced into the body, is capable of stimulating an immune response, specifically activating lymphocytes, which are the body's infection-fighting white blood cells. Virtually any large foreign ... [29 Related Articles]
- antigen receptor
- (from the article "antibody") ...Collectively B cells recognize an almost limitless number of antigens; however, individually each B cell can bind to only one type of antigen. B cells distinguish antigens through proteins, called ...
- antigen-antibody reaction
- (from the article "allergy") Allergic reactions with immediate effects are the result of antibody-antigen responses (i.e., they are the products of B-cell stimulation). These can be divided into three basic types.anaphylaxis
- antigen-binding site
- (from the article "immune system") At the tip of each arm of the Y-shaped molecule is an area called the antigen-binding, or antibody-combining, site, which is formed by a portion of the heavy and light ...
- antigenic drift
- (from the article "influenza") ...and the B viruses cause smaller localized outbreaks; the C viruses are not important causes of disease in humans. Between pandemics, the viruses undergo constant, rapid evolution (a process called ...
- antigenic shift
- (from the article "bird flu") ...Although isolated instances of person-to-person transmission appear to have occurred since 1997, sustained transmission has not been observed. However, through a rapid evolutionary process called antigenic shift, two viral subtypes-e.g., ...
- antigenic variation
- (from the article "protozoan") ...which is attached to the cell surface, and replace it with a coat containing different amino acid sequences. Thus, the parasite essentially changes its makeup. These alternate forms are known ...
- Antigone
- in Greek legend, the daughter born of the unwittingly incestuous union of Oedipus and his mother, Jocasta. After her father blinded himself upon discovering that Jocasta was his mother and ...
- Antigonia
- (from the article "boarfish") ...by red coloration and a laterally compressed body that is as high as it is long. All six species live in deep marine waters, occurring in the Atlantic, Pacific, and ...
- Antigonia capros
- (from the article "boarfish") ...species live in deep marine waters, occurring in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. The two genera, Antigonia and Capros, are placed in different subfamilies. A typical species, A. capros, ...
- Antigonid Dynasty
- ruling house of ancient Macedonia from 306 to 168 BC. The Antigonid dynasty was established when Demetrius I Poliorcetes, the son of Antigonus I Monophthalmus, ousted Cassander's governor of Athens, ... [3 Related Articles]
- Antigonus I Monophthalmus
- Macedonian general under Alexander the Great who founded the Macedonian dynasty of the Antigonids (306-168 BC), becoming king in 306. An exceptional strategist and combat leader, he was also an ... [14 Related Articles]
- Antigonus II Gonatas
- king of Macedonia from 276 BC who rebuilt his kingdom's power and established its hegemony over Greece. [6 Related Articles]
- Antigonus III Doson
- king of Macedonia (from 227 BC) who, in defeating Cleomenes of Sparta, ended that city's long independence. His surname may have signified "one who is about to give but never ... [2 Related Articles]
- Antigonus Mattathias
- (from the article "coin") ...princes to style himself king on his coins, which bore his name and title in Greek as well as Hebrew, but Pompey's withdrawal of the kingly title was reflected in ...
- antigorite
- (from the article "antigorite") mineral, a polymorph of serpentine (q.v.).
TABLEcommon phyllosilicates
- antigreen
- (from the article "quark") ...of the everyday world but rather represents a property of quarks that is the source of the strong force. The colours red, green, and blue are ascribed to quarks, and ...
- Antigua and Barbuda
- islands that form an independent state in the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea, at the southern end of the Leeward Islands chain. There is one dependency, the small ... [22 Related Articles]
- Antigua and Barbuda, flag of
- rectangular national flag with red triangles at the hoist and fly ends and a central triangular area of white, blue, and black, incorporating a golden sun. Its width-to-length ratio is ...
- Antigua Guatemala
- city, southwestern Guatemala, at an elevation of 5,029 feet (1,533 metres). Capital of the former captaincy general, Antigua Guatemala was once the most important seat of Spanish colonial government between ... [3 Related Articles]
- Antigua Labour Party
- (from the article "Antigua and Barbuda") Steadroy Benjamin was appointed the new parliamentary leader of the opposition Antigua Labour Party (ALP) in January 2006, after ALP MPs withdrew their support from Robin Yearwood. ALP's political leader, ...
- antihelix
- (from the article "ear, human") ...behind. Above the tragus a prominent ridge, the helix, arises from the floor of the concha and continues as the incurved rim of the upper portion of the auricle. An ...
- antihemophilic globulin
- (from the article "hemophilia") hereditary bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of a substance necessary for blood clotting (coagulation). In hemophilia A, the missing substance is factor VIII. The increased tendency to bleeding usually ...
- antihero
- a protagonist of a drama or narrative who is notably lacking in heroic qualities. This type of character has appeared in literature since the time of the Greek dramatists and ... [2 Related Articles]
- antihistamine
- any of a group of synthetic drugs that selectively counteract the pharmacological effects of histamine (q.v.), following its release from certain large cells (mast cells) within the body. Antihistamines replace ... [10 Related Articles]
- antihydrogen
- (from the article "Physical Sciences") Each type of fundamental particle has its equivalent antiparticle, and a particle and its antiparticle annihilate on meeting. The production of atoms of antihydrogen, which consists of an antielectron bound ...
- antihypertensive drug
- (from the article "drug") Most antihypertensive drugs have a variety of unwanted effects, such as drowsiness, dizziness on standing (due to an excessive postural fall in arterial pressure), impotence, and allergic reactions. Though often ...
- antiknock agent
- (from the article "gasoline engine") ...As the gasoline engine developed, gasoline and the engine were harmonized to attain the best possible matching of characteristics. The most important properties of gasoline are its volatility and antiknock ...
- antilepton
- (from the article "lepton") ...partner, or neutrino (i.e., electron-, muon-, and tau-neutrino), that has no electric charge and no significant mass. Moreover, all leptons, including the neutrinos, have antiparticles called antileptons. The mass of ...
- Antillean Carib
- (from the article "Central American and northern Andean Indian") ...other cultural elaborations as well. In contrast with such highly developed groups, a few cultures in the area were based more on hunting or fishing than on even simple farming; ...
- Antillean manatee
- (from the article "manatee") ...and rivers of eastern Mexico, down the Central American coast, and across northern South America. It also occurs around the Greater Antilles islands of the Caribbean-hence its common name, the ...
- Antilles
- group of islands located in the Caribbean Sea and comprising all of the West Indies except the Bahamas. They are divided into two major groups: the Greater Antilles, including Cuba, ...
- Antilles Current
- branch of the Atlantic North Equatorial Current, forming part of the clockwise-setting ocean-current system in the North Atlantic Ocean. It flows northwestward along the north side of the Greater Antilles ... [2 Related Articles]
- Antilochus
- in Greek legend, son of Nestor, king of Pylos. One of the suitors of Helen, whose abduction caused the Trojan War, he accompanied his father to the war and distinguished ...
- antilock braking system
- (from the article "computer science") ...cases, scheduling theory is utilized by the systems designer in determining how the tasks should be scheduled on a given processor. A good example of a system that requires real-time ...
- antilogarithm
- (from the article "logarithm") ...n by looking up each number's logarithm in a special table, adding the logarithms together, and then consulting the table again to find the number with that calculated logarithm (known ...
- antilogic
- (from the article "Sophist") ...frequently repeated without question. The Platonic writings make frequent reference to what Plato calls "eristic" (Greek eristikos, "fond of wrangling") and "antilogic"; the two often have been incorrectly treated as ...
- antilopine kangaroo
- (from the article "kangaroo") The antilopine kangaroo (M. antilopinus), sometimes called the antilopine wallaroo, replaces the red kangaroo in the plains of the tropical north, from Cape York Peninsula in the east to the ...
- antilymphocyte serum
- (from the article "transplant") If rabbits receive repeated injections of mouse lymphocytes, they become immunized and develop antibodies against the mouse cells. The serum from the rabbits' blood can be injected into mice and ...
- antimacassar
- protective covering thrown over the back of a chair or the head or cushions of a sofa, named after Macassar, a hair-oil in general use in the 19th century. The ...
- Antimachus of Colophon
- Greek poet and scholar, author of an epic in 24 books entitled Thebais, about the expedition of the Seven Against Thebes. This work enjoyed little popular success ...
- antimalarial drug
- (from the article "malaria") ...malarial fevers since ancient times in China. All of these drugs destroy the malarial parasites while they are living inside red blood cells. For the treatment of malignant or cerebral ...
- antimanic drug
- (from the article "drug") Mania is a severe form of emotional disturbance in which a person is progressively and inappropriately euphoric and simultaneously hyperactive in speech and locomotor behaviour. This is often accompanied by ...
- antimasque
- (from the article "Jonson, Ben") ...The Masque of Queens (1609). In his masques Jonson was fertile in inventing new motives for the arrival of the strangers. But this was not enough: he also invented the ...
- antimatter
- substance composed of subatomic particles that have the mass, electric charge, and magnetic moment of the electrons, protons, and neutrons of ordinary matter but for which the electric charge and ... [2 Related Articles]
- antimension
- (from the article "relic") In the Eastern Orthodox churches, devotion is focused on icons rather than upon relics, though the antimension (the cloth upon which the divine liturgy is celebrated) always contains a relic. ...
- antimetabolite
- a substance that competes with, replaces, or inhibits a specific metabolite of a cell and thereby interferes with the cell's normal metabolic functioning. An antimetabolite is similar in structure to ... [3 Related Articles]
- antimicrobial agent
- any of a large variety of chemical compounds and physical agents that are used to destroy microorganisms or to prevent their development. [2 Related Articles]
- antimicrobial chemotherapy
- (from the article "drug") The production and use of penicillin in the early 1940s became the basis for the era of modern antimicrobial chemotherapy. Streptomycin was discovered in 1944, and since then many other ...
- antimissile defense system
- (from the article "Azerbaijan") Russian Pres. Vladimir Putin suggested on June 7 that the joint use by Russia and the U.S. of the Gabala radar station in Azerbaijan could obviate the need for the ...
- Antimoerus of Mende
- (from the article "Sophist") ...such as those of Plato and Isocrates. Plato's dialogue Protagoras describes something like a conference of Sophists at the house of Callias in Athens just before the Peloponnesian War. Antimoerus ...
- antimonial lead
- (from the article "lead processing") The most common and important metal alloyed with lead is antimony. Antimonial lead alloys usually contain from 1 to 6 percent antimony, but they may contain as much as 25 ...
- antimonide
- any member of a rare mineral group consisting of compounds of one or more metals with antimony (Sb). The coordination of the metal is virtually always octahedral or tetrahedral; i.e., ...
- antimony
- a metallic element belonging to the nitrogen family (Group Va of the periodic table). Antimony exists in many allotropic forms (physically distinct conditions that result from different arrangements of the ... [11 Related Articles]
- antimony poisoning
- harmful effects upon body tissues and functions of ingesting or inhaling certain compounds of antimony. Such poisoning resembles arsenic poisoning.
- antimuon
- (from the article "Feynman diagram") ...(e+), and both are annihilated. A photon is created by the collision, and it subsequently forms two new particles in space: a muon (mu−) and its antiparticle, an antimuon (mu+). ...
- Antin, David
- American poet, translator, and art critic who became best known for his improvisational "talk poems," first published in Talking (1972), which blend lighthearted storytelling and comedy with social commentary.
- Antin, Mary
- American author remembered for her autobiographical work The Promised Land and other books on immigrant life in the United States. [1 Related Articles]
- antineoplastic agent
- (from the article "drug") Antineoplastic agents are divided into categories based on their mode of action. Since most of the drugs exert their effects in a certain part of the cell cycle (e.g., cell ...
- antineoplastic antibiotic
- (from the article "drug") Antineoplastic antibiotics (doxorubicin, daunorubicin, bleomycin, mitomycin, and dactinomycin) are derived from Streptomyces species. While they may have antibacterial activity, they are generally too dangerous and toxic for that use. These ...
- antineutrino
- (from the article "physical science, principles of") ...nuclei have a higher-than-ideal ratio of protons to neutrons and may adjust the proportion by the reverse process, a proton being converted into a neutron with the expulsion of a ...
- antineutron
- antiparticle of the ordinary neutron, first produced in 1956 at the Bevatron particle accelerator at the University of California, Berkeley, by passing an antiproton beam through matter. Antineutrons were created ... [3 Related Articles]
- anting
- (from the article "passeriform") A characteristic but poorly understood behaviour pattern of passerines is the practice of anting. This peculiar ritual has two forms: active anting, in which a bird picks up worker ants ...
- antinode
- (from the article "standing wave") ...times there are positions (N) along the rope, called nodes, at which there is no movement at all; there the two wave trains are always in opposition. On either side ...
- antinomianism
- (Greek anti, "against"; nomos, "law"), doctrine according to which Christians are freed by grace from the necessity of obeying the Mosaic Law. The antinomians rejected the very notion of obedience ... [2 Related Articles]
- antinomy
- in philosophy, contradiction, real or apparent, between two principles or conclusions, both of which seem equally justified; it is nearly synonymous with the term paradox. Immanuel Kant, the father of ... [7 Related Articles]
|
|
