| | - Abney, Sir William de Wiveleslie
- a specialist in the chemistry of photography, especially noted for his development of a photographic emulsion that he used to map the solar spectrum far into the infrared.
- abnormal gas exchange
- (from the article "respiration, human") ...in blood gas composition. Because of the differences in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, impaired oxygen exchange is far more common than impaired carbon dioxide exchange. Mechanisms of abnormal gas ...
- abnormal spindle-like microcephaly associated
- (from the article "Anthropology and Archaeology") ...that coincided with the arrival of modern humans in Europe and with the increased presence of art and symbolism that was characteristic of the Upper Paleolithic culture. The second gene ...
- ABO blood group system
- method of classifying human blood on the basis of the inherited properties of red blood cells (erythrocytes) as determined by their possession or lack of the antigens A and B, ... [5 Related Articles]
- Abo Elementary School
- (from the article "Artesia") ...ranchlands. Nearby oil and gas fields (discovered in 1923) support refineries, extraction plants, and petrochemical industries. Potash mining is also of economic importance in the area. Artesia's Abo Elementary School ...
- Abo, Swedish University of
- (from the article "Selected universities and colleges of the world") ...general of Finland (1637-41, 1648-54), Brahe reformed the administration, promoted commerce, communications, and agriculture, and sponsored the building of many new towns. He founded the University of Abo (Turku) in ...
- Abo, Treaty of
- (1743), peace settlement that concluded the Russo-Swedish War of 1741-43 by obliging Sweden to cede a strip of southern Finland to Russia and to become temporarily dependent on Russia. As ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abofor
- (from the article "African dance") Hunters may reenact their exploits or mime the movements of animals as a ritual means of controlling wild beasts and allaying their own fears. The Akan of Ghana perform the ...
- Abolition of Heritable Jurisdictions Act
- (from the article "United Kingdom") ...into the rest of the kingdom. Despite the Act of Union of 1707, clan chieftains had retained considerable judicial and military powers over their followers. But these powers were destroyed ...
- abolitionism
- (c. 1783-1888), in western Europe and the Americas, the movement chiefly responsible for creating the emotional climate necessary for ending the transatlantic slave trade and chattel slavery. With the decline ... [40 Related Articles]
- abomasum
- (from the article "artiodactyl") ...consists of four parts. These include the large rumen (or paunch), the reticulum, the omasum (psalterium or manyplies)-which are all believed to be derived from the esophagus-and the abomasum (or ...
- Abomey
- town, southern Benin, located about 60 miles (100 km) north of Cotonou. Probably founded in the early 17th century, it soon became the capital of the kingdom of Abomey (later ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abomey plateau
- (from the article "Benin") The Benin plateaus, four in number, are to be found in the environs of Abomey, Ketou, Aplahoue (or Parahoue), and Zagnanado. The plateaus consist of clays on a crystalline base. ...
- abominable coalman
- (from the article "primate") One of the most famous of the Late Miocene fossils was the "abominable coalman," so called because the best-preserved remains, a complete skeleton, were found during the 1950s in a ...
- Abominable Snowman
- mythical monster supposed to inhabit the Himalayas at about the level of the snow line. Though reports of actual sightings of such a creature are rare, certain mysterious markings in ... [2 Related Articles]
- Abondio, Antonio
- (from the article "medal") ...type. The finest struck portraits were the work of the medalists Domenico di Polo and Domenico Poggini in Florence and Giovanni Bernardi, Alessandro Cesati, and Benvenuto Cellini at the papal ...
- Abongabong, Mount
- (from the article "Aceh") Aceh is largely mountainous; Mounts Leuser and Abongabong rise to elevations of 11,092 feet (3,381 metres) and 9,793 feet (2,985 metres), respectively. Except in the extreme north, there is a ...
- Abonnema
- (from the article "Degema") ...taro, palm produce, plantains, and yams) of the Ijo (Ijaw) people, it became a major exporter of palm oil and kernels after the decline of the slave trade in the ...
- Aboriginal Land Rights Act
- (from the article "Australia") ...claims moved from wage equality with Europeans to land rights over territory with Aboriginal associations. The South Australian government acted in this direction from 1966, and the federal Aboriginal Land ...
- Aborigines Protection Act
- (from the article "Victoria") ...the Aboriginal population were gathered on reserves such as Framlingham and Ramahyuck. Most of those lands were eventually usurped for European farming and their inhabitants dispersed. In 1886 the Aborigines ...
- Aborigines' Rights Protection Society
- (from the article "western Africa, history of") ...possible in all the coastal colonies. Such activity may be traced back to at least the 1890s, when Gold Coast professionals and some chiefs founded the Aborigines' Rights Protection Society ...
- abortifacient
- (from the article "drug") An abortifacient is any drug or chemical preparation that induces abortion. For centuries, herbal abortifacients have been made from infusions or oils of plants such as pennyroyal (
- abortion
- the expulsion of a fetus from the uterus before it has reached the stage of viability (in human beings, usually about the 20th week of gestation). An abortion may occur ... [42 Related Articles]
- Abou Telfan
- (from the article "Chad") ...area, are associated with the Kanembu and Tunjur, who are of Arabic origin. All of these groups are sedentary and coexist with Daza, Kreda, and Arab nomads. The Hadjeray (of ...
- Aboulela, Leila
- (from the article "Literature") ...Mes hommes, a defiant rejection of all kinds of restrictions, be they social or religious, on her freedom of action and expression. In Anglophone literature the Sudanese author Leila Aboulela ...
- Abovean, Khachatur
- (from the article "Armenian literature") The novel, weak in western Armenian literature, was strongly represented in Russian Armenia, where it became a vehicle for Armenian moral, social, and political aspirations. Khachatur Abovean, the "father of ...
- Abqaiq
- town, eastern Saudi Arabia, about 25 miles (40 km) west of the Persian Gulf. It is situated in the southern end of the Abqaiq oil field, one of the largest ...
- abrading tool
- (from the article "hand tool") Cutting, drilling, and abrading tools
- Abraha
- Ethiopian Christian viceroy of Yemen in southern Arabia. [5 Related Articles]
- Abraham
- first of the Hebrew patriarchs and a figure revered by the three great monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. According to the biblical book of Genesis, Abraham left Ur, in ... [17 Related Articles]
- Abraham bar Hiyya
- Spanish Jewish philosopher, astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician whose writings were among the first scientific and philosophical works to be written in Hebrew. He is sometimes known as Savasorda, a corruption ... [2 Related Articles]
- Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon
- (from the article "Maimonides, Moses") Maimonides married late in life and was the father of a son, Abraham, who was to make his mark in his own right in the world of Jewish scholarship.
- Abraham de Bet Rabban
- (from the article "Nisibis, School of") The school experienced tremendous growth during Abraham de Bet Rabban's tenure (until c. 569) as director. Its teachers wrote in the fields of literature, history, philology, and theology, as well ...
- Abraham Lincoln Battalion
- a force of volunteers from the United States who served on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War from January 1937 until November 1938. All seven International Brigades (q.v.)-each ...
- Abraham of Kashkar
- (from the article "Nestorian") ...537/539) and persecution (540-545) through the leadership of the patriarch Mar Aba I (reigned 540-552), a convert from Zoroastrianism, and also through the renewal of monasticism by Abraham of Kashkar ...
- Abraham, F. Murray
- (from the article "1984: Best Actor") Other Nominees
- Abraham, Karl
- German psychoanalyst who studied the role of infant sexuality in character development and mental illness.
- Abraham, Plains of
- plains in Quebec region, southern Quebec province, Canada. The plains lie at the western edge of the old walled city, overlooking the St. Lawrence River. The plateau was the scene ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abraham, Sir Edward Penley
- British biochemist who worked as a researcher with Ernst Chain and Howard Florey (both of whom later shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine) on the clinical development of ...
- Abrahams, Harold
- British athlete who won a gold medal in the 100-metre dash at the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris. [2 Related Articles]
- Abrahams, Israel
- one of the most distinguished Jewish scholars of his time, who wrote a number of enduring works on Judaism, particularly Jewish Life in the Middle Ages (1896).
- Abrahams, Lionel
- (from the article "Bosman, Herman Charles") ...Jurie Steyn's Post Office (1971), and A Bekkersdal Marathon (1971). Bosman at His Best (1965) and The Collected Works of Herman Charles Bosman (1981) were edited by Lionel Abrahams, who ...
- Abrahams, Peter
- most prolific of South Africa's black prose writers, whose early novel Mine Boy (1946) was the first to depict the dehumanizing effect of racism upon South African blacks. [1 Related Articles]
- Abrahams, William Miller
- American writer and editor whose three-decade-long editorship of the annual volumes of O. Henry Award-winning stories brought the short story a steady growth in interest and respect (b. Jan. 23, ...
- Abram, Morris Berthold
- American lawyer and civil and human rights advocate (b. June 19, 1918, Fitzgerald, Ga.-d. March 16, 2000, Geneva, Switz.), fought a 14-year battle all the way to the U.S. Supreme ...
- Abramoff, Jack
- (from the article "United States") ...obtained a guilty plea on a conspiracy charge and $19.7 million in restitution from Michael Scanlon, a former DeLay aide. Scanlon promised to testify against another grand jury target, lobbyist ...
- Abramov, Fyodor
- Russian writer, academic, and literary critic whose work, which frequently ran afoul of the official Soviet party line, focused on the difficulties and discrimination faced by Russian peasants.
- Abramovich, Roman
- (from the article "Football") ...other Brazilian player, scored a third goal after Carvalho had sprinted down the flank before finding his colleague in a scoring position. CSKA, which was sponsored in part by a ...
- Abramovitz, Max
- American architect (b. May 23, 1908, Chicago, Ill.-d. Sept. 12, 2004, Pound Ridge, N.Y.), partnered with Wallace K. Harrison to influence the development of modernist architecture and helped shape the ...
- Abrams, Creighton
- (from the article "Vietnam War") ...States, and through the threat of massive force against North Vietnam. To signal to Hanoi that he could still inflict punishment by air, the president decided to act on the ...
- Abrams, Georgie
- (from the article "Zale, Tony") ...of American Al Hostak on July 19, 1940, Zale defended that championship twice. On Nov. 28, 1941, Zale won a 15-round decision (a fight whose outcome is determined by judges' ...
- Abrams, M.H.
- American literary critic known for his analysis of the Romantic period in English literature.
- Abrams, Muhal Richard
- (from the article "Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians") Of the approximately three dozen Chicago musicians who formed the AACM, most had played in an early 1960s rehearsal band led by pianist-teacher Muhal Richard Abrams that had experimented with ...
- Abramson, Herb
- (from the article "Atlantic Records") Formed in 1947 by jazz fans Ahmet Ertegun, son of a Turkish diplomat, and Herb Abramson, formerly the artists-and-repertoire director for National Records, Atlantic became the most consistently successful New ...
- abrasion
- (from the article "glacial landform") Glacial erosion is caused by two different processes: abrasion and plucking (see above). Nearly all glacially scoured erosional landforms bear the tool-marks of glacial abrasion provided that they have not ...
- abrasive
- sharp, hard material used to wear away the surface of softer, less resistant materials. Included within the term are both natural and synthetic substances, ranging from the relatively soft particles ... [8 Related Articles]
- abrasive machining
- (from the article "abrasive") Abrasive machining, the use of abrasives rather than high-speed steel or tungsten carbide cutting tools, makes use of the self-sharpening grinding wheel and eliminates tool sharpening costs. The ability to ...
- Abravanel, Maurice
- U.S. conductor (b. Jan. 6, 1903, Thessaloniki, Greece--d. Sept. 22, 1993, Salt Lake City, Utah), was of Spanish-Portuguese Sephardic parentage and had his early career in the cultural ferment of ...
- abraxas
- sequence of Greek letters considered as a word and formerly inscribed on charms, amulets, and gems in the belief that it possessed magical qualities. In the 2nd century AD, some ...
- Abreu, Caio Fernando
- (from the article "Literature") ...and as a writer and mother plagued by self-doubts. The first volume of Caio 3D, titled O essencial da decada de 1970, gathered the early short fiction and other writings ...
- Abreu, Capistrano de
- Brazilian historian best known for his large-scale interpretive work on Brazil's colonial history.
- Abrikosov, Alexey A.
- Russian physicist, who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2003 for his pioneering contribution to the theory of superconductivity. He shared the award with Vitaly L. Ginzburg of Russia ...
- Abrocoma
- (from the article "chinchilla rat") ...eyes, and large, rounded ears. The forefeet have four digits, the hind feet five, and the hairless soles are padded and covered with tiny tubercles that provide traction on bark ...
- Abrocoma boliviensis
- (from the article "chinchilla rat") ...occurring along with the degu (Octodon degus). The two animals are approximately the same size, and mothers and young of both species have been found in the same nest burrows. ...
- Abrocoma vaccarum
- (from the article "chinchilla rat") ...in central Bolivia. The ashy chinchilla rat (A. cinerea) lives only in the Altiplano, between 3,700 and 5,000 metres, from southeastern Peru to northern Chile and Argentina. A. vaccarum is ...
- abrogative referendum
- (from the article "Italy") ...turnout for elections in Italy is high, often reaching well over 80 percent of the electorate for parliamentary elections. Citizens may also subscribe to national referenda or petitions designed to ...
- Abron
- (from the article "Cote d'Ivoire") ...rise of the Asante empire in the late 17th century led to the migration of numerous Akan peoples into the forest region of Cote d'Ivoire. The most powerful of the ...
- Abruzzi
- regione, central Italy, fronting the Adriatic Sea and comprising the provincie of L'Aquila, Chieti, Pescara, and Teramo. Most of the region is mountainous or hilly, except for such intermontane basins ... [2 Related Articles]
- Abruzzi Apennines
- (from the article "Europe") ...as well as the arc-shaped Carpathian Mountains and their southern portion, the Transylvanian Alps, also exhibit high altitudes. The highest peaks in these ranges are Mount Corno (9,554 feet) in ...
- Abruzzi, Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco, Duke (duca) d'
- Spanish mountaineer and explorer whose ventures ranged from Africa to the Arctic. [2 Related Articles]
- Abruzzo, Ben L.
- American balloonist who, with three crew mates, made the first transpacific balloon flight and the longest nonstop balloon flight, in the Double Eagle V. [3 Related Articles]
- Abs, Hermann J.
- German banker and a leading figure in the West German "economic miracle" following World War II. [1 Related Articles]
- Absalom
- third and favourite son of David, king of Israel and Judah. [3 Related Articles]
- Absalon
- archbishop, statesman, and close adviser of the Danish kings Valdemar I and Canute VI. [6 Related Articles]
- Absaroka Range
- mountain segment of the northern Rocky Mountains, in northwestern Wyoming and southern Montana, U.S. Extending in a northwest-southeast direction, the range is 170 miles (270 km) long and 50 miles ... [2 Related Articles]
- Absaroka Sequence
- (from the article "epeirogeny") ...Tippecanoe Sequence (mid-Ordovician to Early Devonian; about 460 to 400 million years ago), the Kaskaskia Sequence (Early Devonian to mid-Carboniferous; about 408 to 320 million years ago), and the Absaroka ...
- abscess
- a localized collection of pus in a cavity formed from tissues that have been broken down by infectious bacteria. An abscess is caused when such bacteria as staphylococci or streptococci ... [3 Related Articles]
- abscisic acid
- (from the article "hormone") Growth inhibitors of various types have been identified in plants. The best characterized one is abscisic acid, which is chemically related to the cytokinins. It is probably universally distributed in ...
- abscission
- (from the article "hormone") ...than those associated with promoting growth; e.g., they play a role in cell division, in cell differentiation, in fruit development, in the formation of roots from cuttings, and in leaf ...
- abscission layer
- (from the article "temperate forest") ...are created, becoming significant tourist attractions in the areas in which the colours are brightest-i.e., eastern North America and western Asia. A weak layer of tissue called the abscission layer ...
- Abse, Dannie
- British poet, playwright, essayist, and novelist, known for the characteristically Welsh voice and sensibility of his poetry.
- absentee ownership
- originally, ownership of land by proprietors who did not reside on the land or cultivate it themselves but enjoyed income from it. The term absentee ownership has assumed a derogatory ...
- absentee voting
- electoral process that enables persons who cannot appear at their designated polling places to vote from another location. The usual method of absentee voting is by mail, although provision is ...
- Abseron Bank
- (from the article "Caspian Sea") ...submerged landslides and canyons. The remains of ancient river valleys have been discovered on the gentler eastern slope; the bottom of the depression comprises a plain that deepens to the ...
- Abseron Peninsula
- peninsula in Azerbaijan that extends 37 miles (60 km) eastward into the Caspian Sea and reaches a maximum width of 19 miles (30 km). An eastern extension of the Caucasus ... [5 Related Articles]
- absinthe
- flavoured, distilled liquor, yellowish green in colour, turning to cloudy, opalescent white when mixed with water. Highly aromatic, this liqueur is dry and somewhat bitter in taste. Absinthe is made ...
- absolute
- (from the article "perfume") ...solvent-a solid substance called a concrete. Treatment of the concrete with a second substance, usually alcohol, leaves the waxes undissolved and provides the concentrated flower oil called an absolute. In ...
- Absolute
- (from the article "philosophy, Western") ...intensity of Kant. He conceived of human self-consciousness as the primary metaphysical fact through the analysis of which the philosopher finds his way to the cosmic totality that is "the ...
- absolute dating
- (from the article "dating") Although relative ages can generally be established on a local scale, the events recorded in rocks from different locations can be integrated into a picture of regional or global scale ...
- absolute Empiricism
- (from the article "Empiricism") Empiricism, whether concerned with meaning or knowledge, can be held with varying degrees of strength. On this basis, absolute, substantive, and partial Empiricisms can be distinguished.
- absolute humidity
- (from the article "climate") Absolute humidity is the vapour concentration or density in the air. If mv is the mass of vapour in a volume of air, then absolute humidity dv is simply dv ...
- Absolute Idea
- (from the article "Absolute Idealism") ...rather than a correspondence between thoughts and external realities. As one proceeds from the confusing world of sense experience to the more complex and coherent categories of science, the Absolute ...
- Absolute Idealism
- a philosophical theory chiefly associated with G.W.F. Hegel and Friedrich Schelling, both German idealist philosophers of the 19th century, Josiah Royce, an American philosopher, and others, but, in its essentials, ... [10 Related Articles]
- absolute liability
- (from the article "liability insurance") ...people or property that the law requires persons engaged in them to assume responsibility for their consequences no matter how much care is taken to avoid damage. Examples of this ...
- absolute magnetometer
- (from the article "magnetometer") Magnetometers specifically used to measure the Earth's field are of two types: absolute and relative (classed by their methods of calibration). Absolute magnetometers are calibrated with reference to their own ...
- absolute magnitude
- (from the article "star") The actually measured brightnesses of stars give apparent magnitudes. These cannot be converted to intrinsic brightnesses until the distances of the objects concerned are known. The absolute magnitude of a ...
- absolute motion
- (from the article "mathematics") ...that Lorentz proposed as a way of converting one observer's data into another's formed a group. This appealed to Poincare and strengthened his belief that there was no sense in ...
- absolute music
- (from the article "program music") instrumental music that carries some extramusical meaning, some "program" of literary idea, legend, scenic description, or personal drama. It is contrasted with so-called absolute, or abstract, music, in which artistic ...
- absolute ownership
- (from the article "property") In classical Roman law (c. AD 1-250), the sum of rights, privileges, and powers that a legal person could have in a thing was called dominium, or proprietas (ownership). The ...
- absolute refractory period
- (from the article "nervous system") ...to the outside. After repolarization there is a period during which a second action potential cannot be initiated, no matter how large a stimulus current is applied to the neuron. ...
- Absolute Spirit
- (from the article "Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich") ...knows itself as spirit only by contrast with nature. Hegel's system is monistic in having a single theme: what makes the universe intelligible is to see it as the eternal ...
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