| | - Ameghino, Florentino
- paleontologist, anthropologist, and geologist, whose fossil discoveries on the Argentine Pampas rank with those made in the western United States during the late 19th century.
- Ameixal, Battle of
- (from the article "Spain") ...again had declared bankruptcies in 1647 and 1653. Once more the Council of Finance issued a debased coinage to pay for the Portuguese campaign. But the Portuguese routed the last ...
- Amelanchier
- genus of flowering shrubs and small trees of the rose family (Rosaceae), several species of which have entered cultivation as ornamental plants. Most species are North American; exceptions include the ...
- amelia
- (from the article "agenesis") ...of the long bones of the arms or legs also may occur, called variously meromelia (absence of one or both hands or feet), phocomelia (normal hands and feet but absence ...
- Amelia Island
- (from the article "Sea Islands") ...family also secured most of Cumberland Island for the same purpose. Jekyll Island was bought by the state of Georgia and since 1947 has been the site of a state ...
- Amelineau, Emile-Clement
- (from the article "Abydos") ...of Abydos is intimately associated with the political and religious development of Egypt itself and dates to the beginnings of Egyptian history. Excavations there at the end of the 19th ...
- Amelio, Gilbert
- (from the article "Jobs, Steven P.") In late 1996, Apple, saddled by huge financial losses and on the verge of collapse, hired a new chief executive, semiconductor executive Gilbert Amelio. When Amelio learned that the company, ...
- Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, Convention for the
- (from the article "Geneva Conventions") ...Red Cross conference in Stockholm in 1948 extended and codified the existing provisions. The conference developed four conventions, which were approved in Geneva on August 12, 1949: (1) the Convention ...
- Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded, Sick, and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, Convention for the
- (from the article "Geneva Conventions") ...developed four conventions, which were approved in Geneva on August 12, 1949: (1) the Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in ...
- Amelioration of the Wounded in Time of War, Convention for the
- (from the article "Geneva Conventions") The development of the Geneva Conventions was closely associated with the Red Cross, whose founder, Henri Dunant, initiated international negotiations that produced the Convention for the Amelioration of the Wounded ...
- Amelung glass
- American glass produced from 1784 to about 1795 by John Frederick Amelung, a native of Bremen in Germany. Financed by German and American promoters, Amelung founded the New Bremen Glassmanufactory ...
- Amelung, John Frederick
- (from the article "Amelung glass") American glass produced from 1784 to about 1795 by John Frederick Amelung, a native of Bremen in Germany. Financed by German and American promoters, Amelung founded the New Bremen Glassmanufactory ...
- amen
- expression of agreement, confirmation, or desire used in worship by Jews, Christians, and Muslims. The basic meaning of the Semitic root from which it is derived is "firm," "fixed," or ...
- Amenabar, Alejandro
- (from the article "2004: Best Foreign-Language Film") Other Nominees
- amendment
- in government and law, an addition or alteration made to a constitution, statute, or legislative bill or resolution. Amendments can be made to existing constitutions and statutes and are also ... [6 Related Articles]
- Amendola, Giovanni
- journalist, politician, and, in the early 1920s, foremost opponent of the Italian Fascists.
- Amenemhet I
- king of ancient Egypt (reigned 1938-08 BCE) and founder of the 12th dynasty (1938-c. 1756 BCE) who, with a number of powerful nomarchs (provincial governors), consolidated Egyptian unity after the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Amenemhet II
- king of ancient Egypt (reigned 1876-42 BCE), grandson of Amenemhet I (founder of the 12th dynasty [1938-c. 1756 BCE]). He furthered Egypt's trade relations and internal development. [1 Related Articles]
- Amenemhet III
- king of ancient Egypt (reigned 1818-1770 BCE) of the 12th dynasty, who brought Middle Kingdom Egypt (c. 1938-1630 BCE) to a peak of economic prosperity by completing a system to ... [4 Related Articles]
- Amenemhet IV
- (from the article "Egypt, ancient") The reigns of Amenemhet III and Amenemhet IV (c. 1770-60 BC) and of Sebeknefru (c. 1760-56 BC), the first certainly attested female monarch, were apparently peaceful, but the accession of ...
- Amenemope
- ancient Egyptian author of The Instruction of Amenemope, probably composed during the late New Kingdom (1300-1075 BCE). Amenemope's text, similar in content to most of the instruction or wisdom literature ...
- Amenhotep
- (from the article "Egypt, ancient") The burials of King Psusennes I (ruled c. 1045-c. 997 BC) and his successor, Amenemope (ruled c. 998-c. 989 BC), were discovered at Tanis, but little is known of their ...
- Amenhotep I
- king of ancient Egypt (reigned 1514-1493 BCE), son of Ahmose I, the founder of the 18th dynasty (1539-1292 BCE). He effectively extended Egypt's boundaries in Nubia (modern Sudan). [2 Related Articles]
- Amenhotep II
- king of ancient Egypt (reigned c. 1426-00 BCE), son of Thutmose III. Ruling at the height of Egypt's imperial era, he strove to maintain his father's conquests by physical and ... [4 Related Articles]
- Amenhotep III
- king of ancient Egypt (reigned 1390-53 BCE) in a period of peaceful prosperity, who devoted himself to expanding diplomatic contacts and to extensive building in Egypt and Nubia. [10 Related Articles]
- Amenhotep, son of Hapu
- high official of the reign of Amenhotep III of ancient Egypt (reigned 1390-53 BCE), who was greatly honoured by the king within his lifetime and was deified more than 1,000 ... [2 Related Articles]
- amenity bed
- (from the article "hospital") ...limited number of beds for private patients within a large general hospital otherwise financed to some degree by public funds. In the United Kingdom and, for example, in West Africa, ...
- amenorrhea
- failure to menstruate. Menstruation is the normal cyclic bleeding from the uterus in the female reproductive tract that occurs at approximately four-week intervals. Primary amenorrhea is the delay or failure ... [7 Related Articles]
- Amenouzume
- in Japanese mythology, the celestial goddess who performed a spontaneous dance enticing the sun goddess Amaterasu out of the cave in which she had secluded herself and had thus deprived ... [1 Related Articles]
- amensalism
- association between organisms of two different species in which one is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected. There are two basic modes: competition (q.v.), in which a larger ... [1 Related Articles]
- Amenta
- (from the article "dema deity") ...widely quoted example of the dema deity complex is the version of the Ceramese myth of Hainuwele, by the Danish anthropologist Adolf E. Jensen. According to this myth, a dema ...
- Amentiferae
- (from the article "Fagales") Because of the presence of catkins, or aments, Fagales, plus a number of unrelated families, were previously classified in an artificial group called Amentiferae. The chief features of the members ...
- Amer
- (from the article "Tigre") The largest federation of Tigre is that of the Amer (Beni Amer), a branch of the historically important Beja peoples. These Muslims all recognize the religious supremacy of the Mirghaniyah ...
- Amer
- town, east-central Rajasthan state, northwestern India. Amer is part of the Jaipur urban agglomeration and is noted for its magnificent palace. The town is entirely surrounded by hills and stands ...
- Amerada Hess Corporation
- integrated American petroleum company involved in exploration and development of oil and natural-gas resources, and the transportation, production, marketing, and sale of petroleum products. Headquarters are in New York City. ... [1 Related Articles]
- Amerasia Basin
- (from the article "Arctic Ocean") ...under the edge of the Asian continent, from which a narrow splinter of its northern continental margin was separated and translated northward to form the present Lomonosov Ridge. The origin ...
- amercement
- in English law, an arbitrary financial penalty, formerly imposed on an offender by his peers or at the discretion of the court or the lord. Although the word has become ...
- Ameretat
- (from the article "amesha spenta") ...Order and Good Mind. Spenta Armaiti (Beneficent Devotion), the spirit of devotion and faith, guides and protects the believer. She presides over Earth. Haurvatat (Wholeness or Perfection) and Ameretat (Immortality) ...
- America First Committee
- influential political pressure group in the United States (1940-41) that opposed aid to the Allies in World War II because it feared direct American military involvement in the conflict. The ...
- America NT & SA, Bank of
- (from the article "America NT & SA, Bank of") subsidiary of BankAmerica Corporation (q.v.).for more general content on this topicBank of America Corporation
- America West Airlines
- (from the article "Economic Affairs") ...Airlines had much of its fuel needs hedged at a set price of $26 a barrel. There was some positive news for legacy U.S. airlines; US Airways gained federal approval ...
- America's Cup
- one of the oldest and best-known trophies in international sailing yacht competition. It was first offered as the Hundred Guinea Cup on Aug. 20, 1851, by the Royal Yacht Squadron ... [7 Related Articles]
- America, Bank of
- (from the article "China") ...were encouraged to list their shares abroad. Bank of Communications became the second Chinese bank-following the Bank of China-to list its operations on the Hong Kong exchange market. Bank of ...
- American Academy of Arts and Sciences
- honorary society incorporated on May 4, 1780, in Boston, Mass., U.S., for the purpose of cultivating "every art and science." Its membership-some 3,300 fellows in the United States and about ... [2 Related Articles]
- American Airlines
- major American airline serving cities in several states of the continental United States and in Canada, Hawaii, Mexico, Central and South America, the Caribbean, Europe, and the western Pacific. Its ... [4 Related Articles]
- American alligator
- (from the article "alligator") The American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), the larger of the two species, is found in the southeastern United States. It is black with yellow banding when young and ...
- American Amateur Baseball Congress
- (from the article "baseball") ...national amateur baseball program was the American Legion Junior League, founded in 1926 and later called the American Legion Baseball League, with an upper age limit of 19 years for ...
- American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
- (from the article "Tappan, Arthur") Tappan then created a new organization, the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. He advocated trying to achieve abolition through the political process and backed the Liberty Party in the 1840s. ...
- American Anthropological Association
- (from the article "Parsons, Elsie Clews") ...in later years was a lectureship in 1919 at the newly opened New School for Social Research, where one of her students was Ruth F. Benedict. She was the first ...
- American Anti-Slavery Society
- (1833-70), promoter, with its state and local auxiliaries, of the cause of immediate abolition of slavery in the United States. [6 Related Articles]
- American arborvitae
- ornamental and timber evergreen conifer of the cypress family (Cupressaceae), native to eastern North America. In the lumber trade it is called, among other names, white cedar, eastern white cedar, ... [1 Related Articles]
- American Arithmometer Company
- (from the article "Burroughs, William Seward") ...Thomas B. Metcalfe, completed his first calculating machine (1885), which, however, proved to be commercially impractical. But, with Metcalfe and two other St. Louis businessmen, he organized the American Arithmometer ...
- American Association
- (from the article "baseball") In 1881 the American Association was formed with teams from cities that were not members of the National League and teams that had been expelled from the league (such as ...
- American Association for Public Opinion Research
- (from the article "public opinion") Interest groups such as the American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR), the European Society for Opinion Marketing and Research, and the World Association for Public Opinion Research serve a ...
- American Association for the Advancement of Science
- the largest general scientific society in the United States. It was founded in 1847 in Boston, Mass., by a number of geologists and naturalists and held its first meeting in ...
- American Association of Retired Persons
- nonprofit, nonpartisan organization that works to address the needs and interests of middle-aged and elderly people in the United States. Its membership is open to all persons age 50 or ...
- American Association of University Professors
- (from the article "Dewey, John") ...two terms as chairman (1903-05) of the National Society of College Teachers of Education, which he had helped establish in 1902. Dewey became one of the founders and the first ...
- American Association of University Women
- American organization founded in 1881 and dedicated to promoting "education and equity for all women and girls." [3 Related Articles]
- American Astronomical Society
- (from the article "Burbidge, Margaret") ...instead was given to a male astronomer; Burbidge saw this as another instance of discrimination against women in the astronomical community. In 1972 she refused the Annie J. Cannon Prize ...
- American Asylum for Deaf-mutes
- (from the article "Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins") ...of communication from Abbe Roch-Ambroise Sicard, head of the French Royal Institute for the Deaf. On Gallaudet's return to the United States in 1816, he and Laurent Clerc established the ...
- American Automobile Association
- (from the article "automobile club") ...in Great Britain and Belgium, and reciprocal arrangements between the French and British clubs were established by 1898. National clubs were formed in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland by 1900. The ...
- American avocet
- (from the article "avocet") ...avosetta) has the crown and hindneck black, the wings black and white. It breeds in central Asia and in scattered localities in Europe. Many winter in Africa's Rift Valley. The ...
- American badger
- (from the article "badger") The American badger, the only New World species, is usually found in open, dry country of western North America. Muscular, short-necked, and flat-bodied, it has a broad, flattened head and ...
- American Ballet
- company founded in conjunction with the School of American Ballet in 1934 by Lincoln Kirstein and Edward Warburg, with George Balanchine as artistic director. Its initial performances were held in ... [3 Related Articles]
- American Ballet Theatre
- ballet company based in New York City and having an affiliated school. It was founded in 1939 by Lucia Chase and Richard Pleasant and presented its first performance on Jan. ... [10 Related Articles]
- American Ballet, School of
- (from the article "American Ballet") company founded in conjunction with the School of American Ballet in 1934 by Lincoln Kirstein and Edward Warburg, with George Balanchine as artistic director. Its initial performances were held in ...
- American Baptist Association
- fellowship of autonomous Baptist churches, organized in 1905 by Baptists who withdrew from the Southern Baptist Convention. Originally known as the Baptist General Association, the fellowship adopted its present name ... [1 Related Articles]
- American Baptist Churches in the U.S.A.
- association of Baptist churches organized in 1907 as the Northern Baptist Convention, which became the American Baptist Convention in 1950 and took its present name in 1973. It grew out ... [5 Related Articles]
- American Baptist Congregations of the Southwest and Hawaii
- (from the article "American Baptist Churches in the U.S.A.") ...to break from the mother church over the issue. Seceding congregations formed a new movement, Transformation Ministries. Those remaining within the denomination formed a new regional organization, American Baptist Congregations ...
- American Baptist Foreign Mission Society
- (from the article "Judson, Adoniram") ...they were aboard ship and were won over to the Baptist point of view. They were baptized by immersion and left the U.S. board to join a new board formed ...
- American Bar Association
- voluntary association of American lawyers and judges. The ABA was founded in 1878, and by the late 20th century it had about 375,000 members. Its headquarters are in Chicago, Ill. [2 Related Articles]
- American barberry
- (from the article "barberry") The American or Allegheny barberry (B. canadensis) is native to eastern North America. Japanese barberry (B. thunbergii) often is cultivated as a hedge or ornamental shrub for its scarlet fall ...
- American Baseball Guild
- (from the article "baseball") ...Blacks in baseball, below). This period also was marked by new efforts by players to obtain better pay and conditions of employment. A portent of things to come was the ...
- American Basketball Association
- former professional basketball league formed in the United States in 1967 to rival the older National Basketball Association (NBA). George Mikan, a former star player in the NBA, was the ... [2 Related Articles]
- American Basketball League
- (from the article "Edwards, Teresa") ...and France. In 1988, 1992, 1996, and 2000, Edwards was again selected for the U.S. women's Olympic basketball team; the team won gold medals in 1988, 1996, and 2000 and ...
- American beach grass
- (from the article "beach grass") American beach grass (A. breviligulata) grows along the Atlantic coast and in the Great Lakes region. European beach grass (A. arenaria) has been introduced on the northern Pacific coast of ...
- American beaver
- (from the article "beaver") American beavers (C. canadensis) occur throughout forested parts of North America to northern Mexico, including the southwestern United States and peninsular Florida. Beavers were at the heart ...
- American beech
- (from the article "Properties of Certain Species of Wood") The American beech (F. grandifolia), native to eastern North America, and the European beech (F. sylvatica), distributed throughout England and Eurasia, are the most widely known species. Both are economically ...
- American Bible League
- (from the article "fundamentalism, Christian") Continuing conservative militancy led to the founding of the American Bible League in 1902 and the subsequent publication of The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth (1910-15), ...
- American Bible Society
- international agency under lay control, formed in New York in 1816 as a union of 28 local Bible societies "to encourage the wider circulation of the Holy Scriptures throughout the ... [1 Related Articles]
- American bison
- (from the article "bison") either of two species of oxlike grazing mammals that constitute the genus Bison of the family Bovidae. The American bison (B. bison), commonly known ...
- American bittern
- (from the article "bittern") ...largest member of the genus is the Eurasian bittern (B. stellaris), to 75 centimetres (30 inches), ranging from the British Isles to southeastern Asia and occurring also in South Africa. ...
- American bittersweet
- (from the article "bittersweet") any of several vines with colourful fruit. The genus Celastrus, in the staff tree family (Celastraceae), includes the American bittersweet, or staff vine (C. scandens), and the Oriental bittersweet (C. ...
- American Blimp Corporation
- (from the article "aerospace industry") In the United States, American Blimp Corporation was founded in 1987 to produce simple, comparatively low-priced airships and has since become a leading maker of small blimps for advertising and ...
- American Board of Anesthesiology
- (from the article "anesthesiology") ...were attracted by this opportunity early in the 20th century, but it was not until the mid-1930s that the specialty was officially recognized with the establishment of such medical societies ...
- American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
- first American foreign missionary society, established in 1810 by New England Congregationalists. Missionaries were sent to numerous countries and to American possessions, but the work in Hawaii was especially notable. ... [1 Related Articles]
- American Board of Internal Medicine
- (from the article "internal medicine") In 1936 the American Board of Internal Medicine was established in the United States, with the object of formally certifying specialists in internal medicine. Professional qualifications for certification include graduation ...
- American bond
- (from the article "bond") ...of stretchers and headers; the Flemish, or Dutch, bond, which consists of headers and stretchers laid alternately within each course, each header being centred over the stretcher below it; and ...
- American Bowling Congress
- (from the article "bowling") Disagreement over rules continued, principally as an alignment of New York bowlers against everyone else. On Sept. 9, 1895, the American Bowling Congress (ABC) was organized in New York City. ...
- American Brahman
- (from the article "Brahman") any of several varieties of cattle originating in India and crossbred in the United States with improved beef breeds, producing the hardy beef animal known as the American Brahman. Similar ...
- American Brands, Inc.
- American industrial conglomerate that was once the world's largest cigarette maker. It was formed in 1969 as the parent company for the American Tobacco Company (founded 1890). Corporate headquarters are ...
- American Breeder's Association
- (from the article "eugenics") Prior to the founding of the ERO, eugenics work in the United States was overseen by a standing committee of the American Breeder's Association (eugenics section established in 1906), chaired ...
- American Broadcasting Company
- major American television network that is a division of the Walt Disney Company. Its headquarters are in New York City. [7 Related Articles]
- American bugbane
- (from the article "bugbane") In North America the American bugbane, or summer cohosh (C. americana), about 120 cm (4 feet) tall, and the black cohosh, or black snakeroot (C. racemosa; see photograph), about 180 ...
- American Bureau of Shipping
- (from the article "ship") ...society was reconstituted in 1834 and again in 1914. Lloyd's operates in most maritime countries, often in cooperation with classification societies established by other nations. These include the American Bureau ...
- American chestnut
- (from the article "chestnut blight") a plant disease caused by the fungus Endothia parasitica. It has killed virtually all native American chestnuts (Castanea dentata) in the United States and Canada and is also destructive in ...
- American Circus Corporation
- (from the article "circus") ...own circus to form the concern that still flourished at the turn of the 21st century as the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus. In 1929 John Ringling, the ...
- American Civil Liberties Union
- organization founded by Roger Baldwin and others in New York City in 1920 to champion constitutional liberties in the United States. The ACLU works to protect Americans' constitutional rights and ... [6 Related Articles]
- American Civil War
- fratricidal four-year war (1861-65) between the federal government of the United States and 11 Southern states that asserted their right to secede from the Union. [173 Related Articles]
- American cocker spaniel
- (from the article "Selected breeds of sporting dogs") The American cocker spaniel is a small dog standing 14 to 15 inches (36 to 38 cm) and weighing 22 to 29 pounds (10 to 13 kg). Compact and sturdily ...
- American cockroach
- (from the article "cockroach") The American cockroach (species Periplaneta americana) is 30 to 50 mm long (up to about 2 inches), reddish brown, and lives outdoors or in dark, heated indoor areas (e.g., basements ...
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