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Ali Kosh ... alkoxy-silane

Ali Kosh: (from the article "agriculture, origins of") More than 1,000 years later, the Ali Kosh site (also in Iran) was settled. This site is located in a lower elevation zone than Ganj Dareh, outside the natural range ...
Ali Pasa: (from the article "Lepanto, Battle of") ...near Lepanto (Navpaktos), Greece. The allied fleet of more than 200 ships sailed for Corfu on September 15 and on October 7 advanced in four squadrons against the Ottoman fleet, ...
Ali Pasa Tepelene: Albanian brigand who, by murder and intrigue, became pasha, or provincial governor, of Janina from 1788. He extended his capricious rule within the Ottoman Empire over much of Albania and ... [8 Related Articles]
Ali Pasa, Mehmed Emin: Ottoman grand vizier (chief minister) distinguished for his westernizing reform policies. Together with Mustafa Resid Pasa and Fuad Pasa, he was a main figure of the Tanzimat (Reorganization) period (1839-c. ... [4 Related Articles]
Ali Wai Canal: (from the article "Waikiki") ...In the 19th century Waikiki was a favourite resort of Hawaii's royals, and the area was teeming with coconut groves, fishponds, and walled taro patches that extended a mile inland. ...
Ali, Ahmed: Pakistani author whose novels and short stories examine Islamic culture and tradition in Hindu-dominated India. Proficient in both English and Urdu, he was also an accomplished translator and literary critic.
Ali, Choudhry Rahmat: (from the article "India") In 1933 a group of Muslim students at Cambridge, led by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, proposed that the only acceptable solution to Muslim India's internal conflicts and problems would be the ...
Ali, Muhammad: American professional boxer and social activist. Ali was the first fighter to win the world heavyweight championship on three separate occasions; he successfully defended this title 19 times. [11 Related Articles]
Ali-Bayramli: (from the article "Azerbaijan") ...plains, specializes in cotton growing (under irrigation), producing about seven-tenths of the gross cotton output of Azerbaijan. Cotton-ginning plants are located in Barda, Salyan, and Ali-Bayramli, all of which, in ...
Alia, Ramiz: president of Albania (1982-92) and head of the communist Party of Labour of Albania (1985-91), renamed the Socialist Party of Albania in 1991. [1 Related Articles]
Aliakmon River: river, the longest in Greek Macedonia. The river's total length is 185 miles (297 km). Rising in the Grammos Mountains of the eastern Pindus Range on the Albanian frontier, the ...
Alicante: provincia (province) in Valencia comunidad autonoma (autonomous community), southeastern Spain. It was formed in 1833 from parts of the historical provinces of Valencia and ...
Alicante: port city, capital of Alicante provincia (province), in the comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, southeastern Spain. It is located on Alicante Bay of ... [1 Related Articles]
alicatado: mosaic formed of polygonal, coloured glazed tiles. Made up into geometric patterns, they have been used mostly for paving Spanish and Moorish patios but also for wall surfaces. The expansion ...
Alice: town, Eastern Cape province, South Africa. It lies on the southwestern bank of the Tyume River, west-northwest of East London, at an elevation of 1,720 feet (524 m). Alice began ...
Alice Nielsen Comic Opera Company: (from the article "Nielsen, Alice") ...1896 Nielsen won a position with the Bostonians, a leading light opera company, and eventually won the female lead in Reginald De Koven's Robin Hood. In 1897 ...
Alice Springs: town, Northern Territory, Australia. It is the main focus of the Centre, a name given to approximately 100,000 square miles (260,000 square km) of central Australia that includes large areas ... [2 Related Articles]
alicyclic compound: in chemistry, any of a large class of organic compounds in which three or more atoms of the element carbon are linked together in a ring. The bonds between pairs ...
alidade: (from the article "armillary sphere") The Arabs employed similar instruments with diametric sight rules, or alidades, and it is likely that those made and used in the 12th century by Moors in Spain were the ...
alien: in national and international law, a foreign-born resident who is not a citizen by virtue of parentage or naturalization and who is still a citizen or subject of another country. [2 Related Articles]
Alien and Sedition Acts: (1798), four internal security laws passed by the U.S. Congress, restricting aliens and curtailing the excesses of an unrestrained press, in anticipation of an expected war with France. After the ... [8 Related Articles]
Alien Compliance Order: (from the article "Africa") ...of mine workers in South Africa, the forced emigration of Asians from East Africa, and the expulsion of people from neighbouring West African states caused by such actions as the ...
alienation: (from the article "property law") ...person, it may be asked whether that right, power, or privilege can be transferred to someone else. The general assumption in Western law is that it can be. Freedom of ...
alienation: in social sciences, the state of feeling estranged or separated from one's milieu, work, products of work, or self. Despite its popularity in the analysis of contemporary life, the idea ... [12 Related Articles]
alienation effect: idea central to the dramatic theory of the German dramatist-director Bertolt Brecht. It involves the use of techniques designed to distance the audience from emotional involvement in the play through ... [5 Related Articles]
Aliens Act: (from the article "United Kingdom") ...(see Act of Union). Here again, Godolphin was the dominant figure, calling the Scottish Parliament's bluff when it announced it would not accept the Hanoverian succession. Godolphin passed the Aliens ...
aliettite: (from the article "clay mineral") ...rectorite (dioctahedral mica/montmorillonite), tosudite (dioctahedral chlorite/smectite), corrensite (trioctahedral vermiculite/chlorite), hydrobiotite (trioctahedral mica/vermiculite), aliettite (talc/saponite), and kulkeite (talc/chlorite). Other than the ABAB . . . type with equal numbers of the ...
Aligarh: city, west-central Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies southeast of Delhi. The city itself is usually called Koil, or Kol; Aligarh is the name of a nearby fort. The ... [1 Related Articles]
Aligarh Muslim University: (from the article "Selected universities and colleges of the world") Muslim educator, jurist, and author, founder of the Anglo-Mohammedan Oriental College at Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, and the principal motivating force behind the revival of Indian Islam in the late ...
Aliger, Margarita Iosifovna: Russian poet, journalist, and Soviet propagandist.
alignment: (from the article "roads and highways") After a route has been selected, a three-dimensional road alignment and its associated cross-sectional profiles are produced. In order to reduce the amount of earth to be moved, the alignment ...
alignment: (from the article "alignment") monument consisting of multiple rows of large upright stones, primarily located in Brittany and built during Neolithic and Early Bronze times. See megalith.Carnac: Standing StoneStanding Stone at Kremario, ...
alimenta: (from the article "Nerva") ...An agrarian reform measure and the last lex populi in Roman history were implemented in Italy. The one imaginative innovation commonly attributed to Nerva's government, the system of alimenta, or ...
alimentary canal: (from the article "alimentary canal") pathway by which food enters the body and solid wastes are expelled. The alimentary canal includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. See digestion.VIDEOfunction of ...
alimentary paste: (from the article "alimentary paste") a shaped and dried dough prepared from semolina, farina, wheat flour, or a mixture of these with water or milk and with or without egg or egg yolk. See pasta.for ...
alimony: in divorce law, compensation owed by one spouse to the other for financial support after divorce. Alimony aims at support of the one spouse, not punishment of the other. In ... [1 Related Articles]
Alinagar, Treaty of: (Feb. 9, 1757), pact concluded in India by the British agent Robert Clive after his recovery of Calcutta on Jan. 2, 1757, from the nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Dawlah. The treaty ...
Alingar: (from the article "Hindu Kush") ...on the southern one, where valleys follow two contrasting directions-northeast to southwest and roughly east to west. Most of the rivers, such as the Panjsher (Panjshir), the Alingar, the Konar, ...
Alinsky, Saul: American social organizer who stimulated the creation of numerous activist citizen and community groups.
aliphatic compound: any chemical compound belonging to the organic class in which the atoms are not linked together to form a ring. One of the major structural groups of organic molecules, the ... [7 Related Articles]
Alipore: town, West Bengal state, northeastern India. A southern suburb of Calcutta included within the city municipality, it has major industries, including printing and bookbinding, cement manufacture, oilseed milling, and general ...
Alipur Duar: city, northeastern West Bengal state, northeastern India, just north of the Kalyani River. Connected by road with Jalpaiguri, the city is an important market centre for rice, tobacco, and jute; ...
Aliquippa: city, Beaver county, western Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies along the Ohio River, just northwest of Pittsburgh. Settled about 1750 as a post for trade with Delaware, Iroquois, and Shawnee Indians, ...
Alisar Huyuk: site of an ancient Anatolian town southeast of Bogazkoy in central Turkey. Thorough and extensive excavations there by the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (1927-32) were the first ... [1 Related Articles]
Alisjahbana, Takdir: (from the article "Southeast Asian arts") ...literature in Dutch, and the nationalist leaders had become eager for a new literature in the native language. This common aim bore fruit in 1933, when a literary journal under ...
Alisma subcordatum: (from the article "water plantain") ...North America. The plant grows to about 1 m (40 inches) in height and has ovate, slightly pointed leaves. The flowers are about 6 mm (0.25 inch) long and grow ...
Alisma triviale: (from the article "water plantain") A. triviale, regarded by some authorities as a New World variety of the European species A. plantago-aquatica, is common throughout North America. The plant grows to about 1 m (40 ...
Alismataceae: (from the article "Alismatales") The family Alismataceae occurs throughout the Americas, Asia, Australia, Africa, and Europe. Common genera include Sagittaria (arrowhead), Alisma (water plantain), and
Alismatales: arrowhead and pondweed order of flowering plants, belonging to the monocotyledon (monocot) group, whose species have a single seed leaf. Most of the some 4,500 species are aquatic and grow ...
Alisol: one of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Alisols are highly acidic, poorly drained soils prone to aluminum toxicity and water ...
Alison, Archibald: (from the article "aesthetics") ...William Wordsworth in England. For such writers, imagination was to be the distinctive feature both of aesthetic activity and of all true insight into the human condition. Meanwhile, Lord Kames ...
Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane: Italian international airline founded in 1946 and, by the early 21st century, serving more than 80 cities in Europe, Africa, Asia, North and South America, and Australia. Headquarters are in ... [3 Related Articles]
Alito, Samuel A., Jr.: associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 2006. [6 Related Articles]
Aliutor language: (from the article "Paleo-Siberian languages") ...and northward to the Anadyr River basin, (3) the strongly divergent but probably related Itelmen (or Kamchadal), with a bare remnant of 500 speakers on the central west coast of ...
alivincular ligament: (from the article "bivalve") ...an elastic ligament creates the opening thrust that operates against the closing action of the adductor muscles. The ligament typically develops either externally (parivincular) or internally (alivincular) but comprises outer ...
Alix of Brittany: (from the article "Peter I") Married by his cousin King Philip II Augustus of France to Alix, heiress to Brittany, Peter did homage for the province in 1213 and assumed the title of duke, though ...
aliyah: in Judaism, the honour accorded to a worshiper of being called up to read an assigned passage from the Torah (first five books of the Bible). Because the passage assigned ...
Aliyev, Farhad: (from the article "Azerbaijan") Former health minister Ali Insanov and former economic development minister Farhad Aliyev (no relation to the president) were put on trial in February and May, respectively, following their arrest in ...
Aliyev, Heydar: Azerbaijani politician (b. May 10, 1923, Nakhichevan region, Transcaucasian S.F.S.R., U.S.S.R. [now an autonomous region of Azerbaijan]-d. Dec. 12, 2003, Cleveland, Ohio), was one of the most powerful men in ... [2 Related Articles]
Aliyev, Ilham: (from the article "Azerbaijan") ...of Nakhichevan and the 4,400-sq-km (1,700-sq-mi) disputed region (with Armenia) of Nagorno-Karabakh | Population (2007 est.): 8,120,000 | Capital: Baku | Head of state and government: President Ilham Aliyev, ...
alizarin: a red dye originally obtained from the root of the common madder plant, Rubia tinctorum, in which it occurs combined with the sugars xylose and glucose. The cultivation of madder ... [3 Related Articles]
alize: (from the article "Mali") ...there are two distinct seasons, dry and wet. The dry season, which lasts from November to June, is marked by low humidity and high temperatures and is influenced by the ...
aljamiado literature: (from the article "Mudejar") ...of Castile, had abandoned Arabic for the Castilian spoken by their Christian neighbours. They continued to write in Arabic, however, giving rise to their characteristic aljamiado literature.
Aljubarrota, Battle of: (from the article "Batalha") ...west-central Portugal, just south of Leiria city. The town is dominated by the great Dominican abbey of Santa Maria da Vitoria, also known simply as Batalha ("Battle"). In the Battle ...
alka: in Baltic religion, an open-air religious site, a natural sanctuary-forest, hill, river-that was sacred and inviolate. Trees could not be cut in such forests, sacred fields could not be plowed, ... [1 Related Articles]
Alkalai, Judah ben Solomon Hai: Sephardic rabbi and an early advocate of Jewish colonization of Palestine.
alkali: any of the soluble hydroxides of the alkali metals-i.e., lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium. Alkalies are strong bases that turn litmus paper from red to blue; they react with ... [9 Related Articles]
Alkali Act: (from the article "Halton") ...and other chemical industries were also attracted to the growing town. Enormous quantities of toxic and evil-smelling waste from the alkali industry produced ugly refuse dumps, but the first Alkali ...
alkali basalt: (from the article "basalt") Normal alkali basalt contains olivine and, commonly, a diopsidic or titaniferous augite. Alkali basalts predominate among the lavas of the ocean basins and are common among the mafic lavas of ...
alkali bee: (from the article "pollination") Examples of flowers that depend heavily on bees are larkspur, monkshood, bleeding heart, and Scotch broom. Alkali bees (Nomia) and leaf-cutter bees (Megachile) are both efficient pollinators of alfalfa; unlike ...
alkali feldspar: any of several common silicate minerals that often occur as variously coloured, glassy crystals. They are used in the manufacture of glass and ceramics; transparent, highly coloured, or iridescent varieties ... [4 Related Articles]
alkali flat: a playa, or dried-out desert lake, especially one containing high concentrations of precipitated dry, glistening salts. The term is generally limited to flats in the western United States, the most ... [2 Related Articles]
Alkali Flat: (from the article "White Sands National Monument") ...crystals created by the evaporation of gypsum-laden runoff water. The gypsum is the product of decomposed limestone, which is the predominant rock type of the surrounding region. The extensive Alkali ...
alkali halide: (from the article "crystal") ...each ion has as many neighbours as possible, consistent with the ion radii. Six or eight nearest neighbours are typical; the number depends on the size of the ions and ...
alkali iodide: (from the article "halogen element") The alkali iodides are soluble in molten iodine and give conducting solutions typical of weak electrolytes. Alkali iodides react with compounds containing iodine with the oxidation number +1, such as ...
alkali lake: (from the article "lake") Lakes that contain high concentrations of sodium sulfate are called bitter lakes, and those containing sodium carbonate are called alkali lakes. Soda Lake, California, is estimated to contain nearly 1,000,000 ...
alkali metal: any of the six chemical elements that make up Group 1 (Ia) of the periodic table-namely, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). The ... [13 Related Articles]
alkali refining: (from the article "fat and oil processing") Many of these can be removed by treating fats at 40° to 85° C (104° to 185° F) with an aqueous solution of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) or soda ash ...
alkaline cell: (from the article "Common household batteries") The highest power density (watts per cubic cm) of the zinc-manganese dioxide cells is found in batteries with an alkaline electrolyte, which permits a completely different type of construction. The ...
alkaline extraction: (from the article "papermaking") In the following stage an alkaline extraction with dilute caustic soda dissolves chlorinated compounds, which are then washed out.
alkaline fuel cell: (from the article "fuel cell") These are devices that, by definition, have an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte. The fuel is almost always hydrogen gas, with oxygen (or oxygen ...
alkaline phosphatase: enzyme that is normally present in high concentrations in growing bone and in bile. It is essential for the deposition of minerals in the bones and teeth. Alkaline phosphatase deficiency ... [3 Related Articles]
alkaline plutonic rock: (from the article "nepheline") ...of sodium and potassium [(Na,K)AlSiO₄]. It is sometimes used as a substitute for feldspars in the manufacture of glass and ceramics. Nepheline is the characteristic mineral of alkaline plutonic rocks, ...
alkaline rock: (from the article "mineral deposit") ...and (in the case of the carbonatite deposit at Palabora in South Africa) copper sulfide ore minerals. The origin of carbonatite magma is obscure. Most carbonatites occur close to intrusions ...
alkaline storage battery: (from the article "battery") In secondary batteries of this type, electric energy is derived from the chemical action in an alkaline solution. Such batteries feature a variety of electrode materials; some of the more ...
alkaline-earth metal: any of the six chemical elements that comprise Group 2 (IIa) of the periodic table (see ). The elements are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), ... [9 Related Articles]
alkalinity: (from the article "alkalosis") abnormally low level of acidity, or high level of alkalinity, in the body fluids, including the blood. Alkalosis may be either metabolic or respiratory in origin. Metabolic alkalosis results from ...
alkaloid: any of a class of naturally occurring organic nitrogen-containing bases. Alkaloids have diverse and important physiological effects on humans and other animals. Well-known alkaloids include morphine, strychnine, quinine, ephedrine, and ... [10 Related Articles]
alkalophile: (from the article "bacteria") ...especially under anaerobic conditions, and, as a result, plant polymers degrade slowly in acidic (pH between 3.7 and 5.5) bogs, pine forests, and lakes. In contrast to acidophilic bacteria, alkalophilic ...
alkalosis: abnormally low level of acidity, or high level of alkalinity, in the body fluids, including the blood. Alkalosis may be either metabolic or respiratory in origin. Metabolic alkalosis results from ... [4 Related Articles]
Alkan, Valentin: French pianist-composer, a notable keyboard virtuoso, and one of the most enigmatic figures in 19th-century music. [1 Related Articles]
alkanet: any plant of the 50 or so mostly Mediterranean species of the genus Anchusa and the closely related Pentaglottis sempervirens, bearing blue, purple, or white forget-me-not-like flower clusters on hairy, ...
alkaptonuria: rather rare (one in 200,000 births) inherited disorder of protein metabolism characterized by an inability of the body to metabolize the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine. In the normal metabolic ... [5 Related Articles]
Alkatiri, Mari: (from the article "East Timor (Timor-Leste)") ...general elections in late June resulted in widespread violence and arson. Fretilin, the ruling party, won the most seats with 29% of the vote, but the Fretilin leader, former prime ...
Alkazi, Ebrahim: (from the article "South Asian arts") In the last half of the 20th century, two outstanding actor-directors are Ebrahim Alkazi, director of the National School of Drama in New Delhi, and Utpal Dutt, who founded the ...
alkene insertion: (from the article "organometallic compound") ...+ H₂C&doublehorzbond;CH₂(L_n represents the n ligands not involved in the hydrogen elimination.) The reverse of this reaction, alkene insertion into the M&singlehorzbond;H bond, is illustrated by the hydroboration and hydrosilation ...
Alkmaar: gemeente (municipality), northwestern Netherlands. It lies along the North Holland Canal, 6 miles (10 km) east of the North Sea. [1 Related Articles]
Alkmaar, Convention of: (from the article "Alkmaar") ...when the surrounding swamps were reclaimed. The town successfully withstood a Spanish siege in 1573 to become a symbol of Dutch resistance (commemorated by a monument in Victorie Park). Under ...
alkoxide: (from the article "alcohol") Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic.Williamson ether synthesis
alkoxy radical: (from the article "food preservation") ...removes a hydrogen atom from another lipid molecule and the reaction starts over again (propagation). During the propagation steps, hydroperoxide molecules (LOOH) are formed that may break down into alkoxy ...
alkoxy-silane: (from the article "art conservation and restoration") ...is deposited, its eventual interaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide forms a network of calcium carbonate, similar to that which makes up the stone itself. In a similar manner, the application ...