| | - Alexander the Great
- king of Macedonia (336-323 BC). He overthrew the Persian Empire, carried Macedonian arms to India, and laid the foundations for the Hellenistic world of territorial kingdoms. Already in his lifetime ... [78 Related Articles]
- Alexander The Paphlagonian
- celebrated impostor and worker of false oracles. The only account of his career occurs in an expose by Lucian, whose investigations of Alexander's frauds led to a serious attempt on ... [2 Related Articles]
- Alexander VI
- corrupt, worldly, and ambitious pope (1492-1503), whose neglect of the spiritual inheritance of the church contributed to the development of the Protestant Reformation. [12 Related Articles]
- Alexander VII
- pope from 1655 to 1667. [5 Related Articles]
- Alexander VIII
- pope from 1689 to 1691. [1 Related Articles]
- Alexander's Gate
- (from the article "Gog and Magog") One of the most important legends associated with Gog and Magog was that of Alexander's Gate, said to have been built by Alexander the Great to imprison these uncivilized and ...
- Alexander, Caleb
- (from the article "dictionary") ...Dictionary. The first dictionary compiled in America was A School Dictionary by Samuel Johnson, Jr. (not a pen name), printed in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1798. Another, by Caleb Alexander, ...
- Alexander, Dorothy
- American ballet dancer and choreographer, founder of the Atlanta Ballet, and pioneer of the regional ballet movement.
- Alexander, Elizabeth
- (from the article "Literature") ...With a fine-tooth comb": the voice of the late Gwendolyn Brooks took on new strength as the Library of America's American Poets Project issued The Essential Gwendolyn Brooks, edited by ...
- Alexander, Francesca
- American expatriate illustrator and author, remembered for her collections of Tuscan folk songs, tales, and lore.
- Alexander, Franz
- physician and psychoanalyst sometimes referred to as the father of psychosomatic medicine because of his leading role in identifying emotional tension as a significant cause of physical illness. [1 Related Articles]
- Alexander, Grover Cleveland
- professional baseball player, one of the finest right-handed pitchers in the history of the game, frequently considered the greatest master of control. From 1911 to 1930 he won 373 or ... [2 Related Articles]
- Alexander, Harold Alexander, 1st Earl
- prominent British field marshal in World War II noted for his North African campaigns against Field Marshal Erwin Rommel and for his later commands in Italy and western Europe. [3 Related Articles]
- Alexander, Hattie Elizabeth
- American pediatrician and microbiologist whose groundbreaking work on influenzal meningitis significantly reduced infant death rates and advanced the field of microbiological genetics.
- Alexander, James Waddell, II
- American mathematician and a founder of the branch of mathematics originally known as analysis situs, now called topology.
- Alexander, Jane
- American actress who, in addition to achieving a successful performance career, became the first actor to chair the National Endowment for the Arts.
- Alexander, Jason
- (from the article "Seinfeld") ...observation, playing a fictionalized version of himself, and his three best friends: George, the fictional Jerry's boyhood buddy, a mendacious ne'er-do-well (played with hilarious persnicketiness by Jason Alexander); Elaine (Julia ...
- Alexander, John
- (from the article "Alexander, James Waddell, II") The son of John White Alexander, an American painter who created murals for the Library of Congress, James studied mathematics and physics at Princeton University, obtaining a B.S. degree in ...
- Alexander, Lloyd
- American author transported readers to a world of fantasy with a five-book series that was known as the Prydain Chronicles. The Book of Three (1964) launched the series, which ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alexander, Meena
- Indian poet and teacher whose works reflect her multicultural life in India, The Sudan, and the United States.
- Alexander, Samuel
- philosopher who developed a metaphysics of emergent evolution involving time, space, matter, mind, and deity.
- Alexander, Shana
- American journalist and author (b. Oct. 6, 1925, New York, N.Y.-d. June 23, 2005, Hermosa Beach, Calif.), battled conservative columnist James Kilpatrick in "Point-Counterpoint," a political debate segment featured during ...
- Alexander, Shaun
- American professional gridiron football player who was one of the most prolific touchdown scorers in National Football League (NFL) history. [1 Related Articles]
- Alexander, Steve
- (from the article "Digital Consumer Electronics Boom") The proliferation of consumer electronics gadgets continued in 2006 as it became routine to encounter people speaking on cellular phones, listening to digital music on headphones, or snapping countless pictures ...
- Alexanderson, Ernst F.W.
- electrical engineer and television pioneer who developed a high-frequency alternator (a device that converts direct current into alternating current) capable of producing continuous radio waves and thereby revolutionized radio communication.
- Alexandra
- queen consort of King Edward VII of Great Britain. [2 Related Articles]
- Alexandra
- town, south-central South Island, New Zealand. It lies at the junction of the Clutha and Manuherikia rivers and is surrounded by three mountain ranges. Originally known as Lower Dunstan and ...
- Alexandra
- (from the article "Nicholas I") ...in western and central Europe. On Nov. 4, 1815, at a state dinner in Berlin, Alexander I and King Frederick William III rose to announce the engagement of Nicholas and ...
- Alexandra
- consort of the Russian emperor Nicholas II. Her misrule while the emperor was commanding the Russian forces during World War I precipitated the collapse of the imperial government in March ... [3 Related Articles]
- Alexandra Falls
- (from the article "Hay River") ...River (82 miles [132 km] north of the Alberta border) became a busy commercial fishing and transshipment centre. Lead and zinc are mined 35 miles (56 km) east at Pine ...
- Alexandra Palace
- (from the article "Haringey") ...engineering and the manufacture of metal goods, confectioneries, furniture, clothing, and footwear. Wood Green is a centre for shopping and services and is the administrative centre of the borough. Alexandra ...
- Alexandra Township
- (from the article "Johannesburg") Black Africans can be found throughout the city, but the majority still live in "townships" on the urban periphery, essentially dormitory cities for blacks working in the city. Alexandra township, ...
- Alexandra, Princess
- (from the article "Denmark") ...in September that Prince Joachim, the queen's younger son (nicknamed the "party prince" by the media for his fondness for wild partying and fast cars), and his Hong Kong-born wife, ...
- Alexandre III Bridge
- (from the article "Paris") The vast tree-lined Invalides Esplanade slopes gently to the Quai d'Orsay and the Alexandre III Bridge. The first stone for the bridge, which commemorates the Russian tsar Alexander III, was ...
- Alexandre, Boniface
- (from the article "Haiti") Area: 27,700 sq km (10,695 sq mi) | Population (2006 est.): 8,808,000 | Capital: Port-au-Prince | Chief of state and government: Presidents Boniface Alexandre (provisional) and, from May 14, Rene ...
- Alexandre, Paul
- (from the article "Modigliani, Amedeo") ...Post-Impressionist paintings of Paul Cezanne. His initial important contacts were with the poets Andre Salmon and Max Jacob, with the artist Pablo Picasso, and-in 1907-with Paul Alexandre, a friend of ...
- Alexandreschate
- (from the article "ancient Greek civilization") The year 329 saw the final elimination of Satibarzanes and the capture of Bessus in Sogdiana, north of the Oxus River from Bactria. In Sogdiana, Alexander founded the city of ...
- Alexandrescu, Grigore
- (from the article "Romanian literature") ...and founded a periodical, Albina Romaneasca. The outstanding literary personality among a galaxy of minor poets and translators who enriched the Romantic heritage was Grigore Alexandrescu. Alexandrescu wrote Poezii (1832, ...
- Alexandria
- major city and urban muhafazah (governorate) in Egypt. Once among the greatest cities of the Mediterranean world and a centre of Hellenic scholarship and science, Alexandria was ... [33 Related Articles]
- Alexandria
- (from the article "West Dunbartonshire") ...and financial service industries. Dumbarton, another shipbuilding area along the Clyde, to the northwest, now depends largely on service activities and the blending and distilling of whisky, while Alexandria, near ...
- Alexandria
- city, seat of Douglas county, west-central Minnesota, U.S. It is situated about 70 miles (115 km) northwest of St. Cloud in a lake-resort and dairy-farm region. Settled in 1858 on ...
- Alexandria
- city, adjoining Arlington and Fairfax counties, northern Virginia, U.S. It lies on the Potomac River (there bridged at the Maryland state line), 6 miles (10 km) south of the District ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alexandria
- city, seat of Rapides parish, central Louisiana, U.S. The city lies along the Red River, opposite Pineville, about 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Baton Rouge. It was laid out ...
- Alexandria
- town, capital of Teleorman judet (county), southern Romania. It lies along the southward-flowing Vedea River in the Danube floodplain. Alexandria is a regional marketing centre for agricultural produce, mostly grain. ...
- Alexandria Municipal Museum
- museum of Greek and Roman antiquities founded in 1892 and housed in Alexandria, Egypt, in a Greek Revival-style building opened in 1895.
- Alexandria Protocol
- (from the article "Palestine") ...the war came to an end, the neighbouring Arab countries began to take a more direct interest in Palestine. In October 1944 Arab heads of state met in Alexandria, Egypt, ...
- Alexandria University
- (from the article "Selected universities and colleges of the world") ...as is the rule throughout Egypt. The state system is divided into primary, preparatory, and secondary schools, and advanced education is available in university faculties and technical institutes. Alexandria University ...
- Alexandria, Library of
- the most famous library of classical antiquity. It formed part of the research institute at Alexandria in Egypt that is known as the Museum, or the Alexandrian Museum. [19 Related Articles]
- Alexandria, School of
- the first Christian institution of higher learning, founded in the mid-2nd century AD in Alexandria, Egypt. Under its earliest known leaders (Pantaenus, Clement, and Origen), it became a leading centre ... [10 Related Articles]
- Alexandria, Synod of
- (AD 362), a meeting of Christian bishops held in Alexandria, Egypt, summoned by the bishop of Alexandria, Athanasius. It allowed clergy that were readmitted to communion after making common cause ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alexandrian canon
- (from the article "Aristophanes Of Byzantium") ...that were widely adopted by later scholars. Aristophanes also was responsible for arranging Plato's dialogues in trilogies, and he is generally credited with the foundation of the so-called Alexandrian Canon, ...
- Alexandrian Museum
- ancient centre of classical learning at Alexandria in Egypt. A research institute that was especially noted for its scientific and literary scholarship, the Alexandrian Museum was built near the royal ... [10 Related Articles]
- Alexandrian rite
- the system of liturgical practices and discipline in use among Egyptian and Ethiopian Christians of both the Eastern-rite Catholic and independent Christian churches.
- Alexandrian senna
- (from the article "senna") Alexandrian senna (C. acutifolia), from Egypt, The Sudan, and Nigeria, and C. sieberana, from Senegal to Uganda, are cultivated in India for their cathartic properties. Tanner's senna (C. auriculata), a ...
- Alexandrians, Letter of Paul to the
- (from the article "biblical literature") Among the apocryphal letters are: a 2nd-century Epistula Apostolorum ("Epistle of the Apostles"; actually apocalyptic and antiheretical), the Letter of Barnabas, a lost Letter of Paul to the Alexandrians (said ...
- Alexandrina, Lake
- estuarine lagoon, southeastern South Australia, 45 miles (70 km) southeast of Adelaide. Together with contiguous Lake Albert and the long, narrow lagoon called The Coorong, it forms the mouth of ...
- alexandrine
- verse form that is the leading measure in French poetry. It consists of a line of 12 syllables with major stresses on the 6th syllable (which precedes the medial caesura ... [6 Related Articles]
- Alexandrine schism
- (from the article "papacy") ...Alexandrine. The latter was caused by renewed tensions between the papacy and the emperor, Frederick I Barbarossa, who eventually yielded to the legitimate pope, Alexander III (1159-81). The Alexandrine schism ...
- Alexandrist
- any of the Italian philosophers of the Renaissance who, in the controversy about personal immortality, followed the explanation of Aristotle's De anima (On the Soul) given by Alexander of Aphrodisias, ...
- alexandrite
- (from the article "Birthstones") Alexandrite is a remarkable and valued variety that when viewed along the different crystallographic (optical) axes, changes from columbine red to orange yellow to emerald green. In addition, the stone ...
- Alexandrium
- (from the article "algae") ...toxins that either kill fish or accumulate in shellfish and cause sickness or death in humans when ingested; more than 1,200 species described, most in the class Dinophyceae;
- Alexandropol, Treaty of
- (from the article "Ataturk, Kemal") ...which had been their own creation. This combined attack was too much for the Armenians, who were crushed in October and November 1920; they surrendered early in November. By the ...
- Alexandroupolis
- seaport, capital of the nomos (department) of Evros, western Thrace (Thraki), Greece. It is situated northwest of the Evros (Maritsa) River estuary on the Gulf of Ainos (Enez), an inlet ...
- Alexeieff, Alexandre
- Russian-born French filmmaker who invented the pinscreen method of animation with his collaborator (later his wife), the animator Claire Parker (1910-81). [1 Related Articles]
- Alexie, Sherman
- (from the article "Literature") ...and Gentlemen of the Road, a historical fantasy about a Jewish adventurer and his African pal in an adventure set in an ancient myth-tinged central Asian kingdom during the Middle ...
- Alexis
- one of the foremost writers of Middle and New Comedy at Athens, a low form of comedy that succeeded the Old Comedy of Aristophanes.
- Alexis
- heir to the throne of Russia, who was accused of trying to overthrow his father, Peter I the Great. [3 Related Articles]
- Alexis
- only son of Nicholas II, the last tsar of Russia, and the tsarina Alexandra. He was the first male heir born to a reigning tsar since the 17th century. [1 Related Articles]
- Alexis
- tsar of Russia from 1645 to 1676. [10 Related Articles]
- Alexis I
- Russian Orthodox Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia (1945-70) whose allegiance to the Soviet government helped him strengthen the structure of the church within an officially atheistic country. [1 Related Articles]
- Alexis II
- Russian Orthodox Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia from 1990.
- Alexis, Jacques-Edouard
- (from the article "Haiti") Area: 27,700 sq km (10,695 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 9,598,000 | Capital: Port-au-Prince | Chief of state and government: President Rene Preval, assisted by Prime Minister Jacques-Edouard Alexis ...
- Alexis, Paul
- (from the article "French literature") ...of Les Soirees de Medan, a volume of short stories by Emile Zola, Guy de Maupassant, Joris-Karl Huysmans, Henry Ceard, Leon Hennique, and Paul Alexis. The Naturalists ...
- Alexis, Saint
- metropolitan of Moscow from 1354 to 1378 and the first representative of the Russian Orthodox church to take a truly active role in governing Russia. [1 Related Articles]
- Alexis, Willibald
- German writer and critic best known for his historical novels about Brandenburg and Prussia.
- Alexius I Comnenus
- Byzantine emperor (1081-1118) at the time of the First Crusade who founded the Comnenian dynasty and partially restored the strength of the empire after its defeats by the Normans and ... [13 Related Articles]
- Alexius II Comnenus
- Byzantine emperor from 1180 to 1183. Alexius was the son of Manuel I Comnenus and Maria, daughter of Raymond, prince of Antioch. When his father died on September 24, 1180, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alexius III Angelus
- Byzantine emperor from 1195 to 1203. He was the second son of Andronicus Angelus, grandson of Alexius I. In 1195 he was proclaimed emperor by the troops; he captured his ... [3 Related Articles]
- Alexius IV Angelus
- Byzantine emperor from 1203 to 1204. Alexius was the son of Emperor Isaac II. He regained control of his rights to the Byzantine throne with the help of the Fourth ... [5 Related Articles]
- Alexius V Ducas Mourtzouphlus
- Byzantine emperor in 1204, son-in-law of Alexius III Angelus. He led a revolt against the coemperors Isaac II and Alexius IV, who were supported by the Fourth Crusade. He then ... [3 Related Articles]
- Aley River
- (from the article "Ob River") ...and shoals, and an average gradient of 1 foot per mile (20 cm per km). From the Charysh confluence the upper Ob flows northward on its way to Barnaul, receiving ...
- Aleynikov, Vladimir
- (from the article "Literature") ...Bykov published three books in rapid succession: a fantasy novel Evakuator ("The Evacuator"), a biography of Boris Pasternak, and a collection of his political columns. The poet Vladimir Aleynikov, whose ...
- Alfa Romeo SpA
- Italian manufacturer of high-priced sports cars and other vehicles. The company was operated by the Italian government through its state holding company, IRI (Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale), until 1986, ...
- Alfaguara Prize
- (from the article "Literature") Luis Leante received the Alfaguara Prize for Mira si yo te querre, a narrative of contrasting cultures and social classes. In the story Montse Cambra, after losing a daughter and ...
- alfalfa
- perennial, clover-like, leguminous plant of the pea family (Fabaceae), known for its tolerance of drought, heat, and cold; for the remarkable productivity and the quality of its herbage; and for ... [6 Related Articles]
- alfalfa weevil
- (Hypera postica), insect pest of the family Curculionidae (order Coleoptera). The adult is dark brown to black and tiny (3 mm [ 110 inch] long) and has the typical prominent ...
- Alfama quarter
- (from the article "Lisbon") Directly east of the Baixa lies Alfama (Arabic: Al-Hammah; "Hot Spring"); one of the oldest quarters of the city, it has a blend of Roman and Moorish architecture and narrow ...
- Alfani, Gianni
- (from the article "Italian literature") ...poets were Guido Guinizelli of Bologna, Guido Cavalcanti, Dante (particularly in the poems included in Vita nuova), and Cino da Pistoia, together with the lesser poets Lapo Gianni, Gianni Alfani, ...
- Alfaro, Eloy
- (from the article "Ecuador") A new liberal hero emerged from the lower classes as the leader of the coastal reaction to Sierra conservatism and clericalism. A man of great personal magnetism, Gen. Eloy Alfaro ...
- Alfaro, Emilio
- Argentine actor and director whose highly regarded career lasted nearly 50 years; from 1989 he served as director of the Teatro General San Martin in Buenos Aires (b. Jan. 20, ...
- Alfasi, Isaac ben Jacob
- Talmudic scholar who wrote a codification of the Talmud known as Sefer ha-Halakhot ("Book of Laws"), which ranks with the great codes of Maimonides and Karo. [2 Related Articles]
- alferez
- (from the article "Spain") ...of royal letters and the preservation of records; the mayordomo, a magnate, who supervised the household and the royal domain; and the alferez (Catalan: ...
- Alferov, Zhores
- Soviet physicist who, with Herbert Kroemer and Jack S. Kilby, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2000 for their work that laid the foundation for the modern era ...
- Alfieri, Vittorio, Conte
- Italian tragic poet whose predominant theme was the overthrow of tyranny. In his tragedies, he hoped to provide Italy with dramas comparable to those of other European nations. Through his ... [3 Related Articles]
- Alfisol
- one of the 12 soil orders in the U.S. Soil Taxonomy. Alfisols are arable soils with water content adequate for at least three consecutive months of the growing season. Prior ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alfonsin, Raul
- civilian president of Argentina (1983-89), elected after eight years of military rule, and leader of the moderate Radical Civic Union (Spanish: Union Civica Radical, or UCR). [4 Related Articles]
- Alfonsine Tables
- the first set of astronomical tables prepared in Christian Europe. They enabled calculation of eclipses and the positions of the planets for any given time based on the Ptolemaic theory, ... [2 Related Articles]
- alfonsino
- any of the eight species of exclusively marine fishes constituting the family Berycidae (order Beryciformes). The family contains two genera, Beryx and Centroberyx. Representatives occur in deep-sea habitats of the ...
- Alfonso I
- king of Aragon and of Navarre from 1104 to 1134. [4 Related Articles]
- Alfonso I
- king of Asturias from 739 to 757, probably the son-in-law of the first Asturian king, Pelayo. The rebellion of the Berber garrisons in Islamic Spain (741) and the civil strife ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alfonso I
- duke of Ferrara from 1505, a noted Renaissance prince of the House of Este, an engineer and patron of the arts. [3 Related Articles]
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