French cinematographer (b. Feb. 10, 1909, Paris, France-d. June 15, 2001, Auxerre, France), was one of the most accomplished filmmakers of the 20th century. After working for a time as ...
(from the article "Lithuania") Lithuanians were proud of discus-thrower Virgilijus Alekna, who succeeded in winning gold once again at the European athletics championships in Goteborg, Swed., in August. Alekna had dominated his sport in ...
(from the article "Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization") Under Todor Aleksandrov, however, IMRO reestablished itself as an influential factor in Balkan politics, particularly by participating in the overthrow and assassination of Bulgaria's prime minister Aleksandur Stamboliyski (June 1923), ...
city, Sakhalin oblast (province), far-eastern Russia, on the western coast of Sakhalin Island. It was founded in 1881 as a centre for penal settlements. In 1890 the writer Anton Chekhov ...
(from the article "Central Asian arts") ...Afanasyevskaya in the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. Although found to the southwest of Krasnoyarsk, it is more frequently encountered in western Siberia and Kazakhstan. The settlement and cemetery of ...
(from the article "Stanislavsky, Konstantin Sergeyevich") ...was the daughter of a French actress. Stanislavsky first appeared on his parents' amateur stage at age 14 and subsequently joined the dramatic group that was organized by his family ...
commander in chief of the Russian Army for two months in World War I and a military and political leader of the White (anti-Bolshevik) forces in the Russian Civil War ... [1 Related Articles]
city, Tula oblast (province), western Russia, on the Oka River, 40 miles (65 km) northwest of Tula city. Aleksin, first documented in 1236, was at first a fortress, then a ...
(from the article "Nicaragua") Former president Arnoldo Aleman's sentence for corruption was modified in March to allow him unlimited travel throughout the country. In July, however, a Panamanian judge ordered Aleman and Byron Jerez, ...
a Germanic people first mentioned in connection with the Roman attack on them in AD 213. In the following decades, their pressure on the Roman provinces became severe; they occupied ... [12 Related Articles]
(from the article "German language") Alemannic dialects, which developed in the southwestern part of the Germanic speech area, differ considerably in sound system and grammar from standard High German. These dialects are spoken in Switzerland, ...
French mathematician, philosopher, and writer, who achieved fame as a mathematician and scientist before acquiring a considerable reputation as a contributor to and editor of the famous Encyclopedie. [16 Related Articles]
journalist, novelist, and playwright whose novel O Guarani (1857; "The Guarani Indian") initiated the vogue of the Brazilian Indianista novel (romantic tales of indigenous life incorporating vocabulary of Amerindian origin ... [2 Related Articles]
town, Orne departement, Basse-Normandie region, northwestern France. Alencon lies at the juncture of the Sarthe and Briante rivers, in the centre of a plain ...
needle lace made in the French city of Alencon, one of the centres designated by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, minister of finance under Louis XIV, for aid in his effort to make ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Joan of Arc, Saint") ...she wished to go to battle against the English and that she would have him crowned at Reims. On the Dauphin's orders she was immediately interrogated by ecclesiastical authorities in ...
region and historical province of south-central Portugal. It lies southeast of the Tagus (Tejo) River and is bounded on the east by the Spanish frontier and on the southwest by ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "tapestry") ...Francois Boucher (1703-70), the outstanding artist-director of the 18th century. Boucher and Charles-Antoine Coypel (1694-1752), a Rococo painter, designed many of the popular alentours tapestries, in which the central subject, ...
(Hebrew: "it is our duty"), the opening word of an extremely old Jewish prayer, which has been recited at the end of the three periods of daily prayer since the ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Farnese, Teatro") ...Baroque theatre at Parma, Italy, the prototype of the modern playhouse and the first surviving theatre with a permanent proscenium arch. Construction on the Teatro Farnese was begun in 1618 ...
(from the article "logic, history of") ...known as the "continuum hypothesis" was consistent with the other axioms of ZF, and whether it was independent of them. The continuum hypothesis states that between ℵ0 (aleph-null; the "smallest" ...
principal city of northern Syria. It is situated in the northwestern part of the country, about 30 miles (50 km) south of the Turkish border. Aleppo is located at the ... [10 Related Articles]
(from the article "biblical literature") The outstanding event in the history of that system was the production of the model so-called Aleppo Codex, now in Jerusalem. Written by Solomon ben Buya'a, it was corrected, punctuated, ...
earthquake, among the deadliest ever recorded, that struck the Syrian city of Aleppo (Halab) on Oct. 11, 1138. The city suffered extensive damage, and it is estimated that 230,000 people ...
(from the article "gallic acid") ...in the free state or combined as gallotannin. It is present to the extent of 40-60 percent combined as gallotannic acid in tara (any of various plants of the genus ...
(from the article "oak") ...and bur oak (q.v.; Q. macrocarpa) form picturesque oak groves locally in the Midwest. Many oaks native to the Mediterranean area have economic value: galls produced on the twigs of ...
(from the article "Zangid Dynasty") ...themselves in Sinjar, west of Mosul, in 1170 and ruled there for about 50 years. The Ayyubids completed several architectural works begun by the Zangids. The most noteworthy is the ...
(species Fitzroya cupressoides), coniferous tree that is the only species of the genus Fitzroya, of the cypress family (Cupressaceae), native to southern Chile and southern Argentina. In the wild it ...
(from the article "Ellesmere Island") ...northerly point of Canada, and Barbeau Peak, at an elevation of 8,583 feet (2,616 metres), is the highest point in Nunavut. Settlements, all quite small, include Eureka, Grise Ford (Aujuittuq), ...
town, Gard departement, Languedoc-Roussillon region, southeastern France. It lies along a bend of the Gardon d'Ales River, at the foot of the Cevennes mountains, ...
(from the article "lesya") ...to the good or bad emotions that hold sway. Thus the salesi ("having lesya") are all those who are swayed by any of the emotions, and the alesi are those ...
ancient town situated on Mont Auxois, above the present-day village of Alise-Sainte-Reine in the departement of Cote d'Or, France. Alesia is famous as the site of the siege and capture ... [2 Related Articles]
Chilean president (1920-25, 1932-38) who early defended workers' groups, especially the nitrate miners of the north, but later, as a member of the Liberal Party, became more conservative. [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Chile") Ibanez was succeeded (1958-64) by the son of Arturo Alessandri Palma, Jorge Alessandri Rodriguez, who won the support of the Conservative and Liberal parties. To satisfy popular demands without altering ...
municipality and port, western Norway, north of the mouth of Stor Fjord. The municipality is set on several islands-including Norvoya, Aspoya, Heissa (Hessa), and Oksnoya-which are connected by bridges. The ...
(from the article "Alesund") ...Giske. The site of one of Norway's largest fishing harbours, it is a base for cod and halibut fishing trawlers, and, together with Tromso, it is the headquarters of the ...
(from the article "semantics") ...of empirical meaning. Indeed, at least in many cases, it stands to reason that to understand a sentence is to know what state of affairs would make it true or ...
(from the article "applied logic") ...issues arising within the gamut of such epistemological concepts as knowledge, belief, assertion, doubt, question-and-answer, or the like. Instead of dealing with the essentially factual issues of alethic logic (Greek: ...
(from the article "snake") ...the southwestern United States to South America, Africa, and southwestern Asia. Size very small, 7-35 cm. Pelvic vestiges present. 2,500 species in 16 families of ...
the Alps' largest and longest glacier, lying in the Bernese Alps of south-central Switzerland. Covering an area of 66 square miles (171 square km), it is divided into the Great ...
a native of the Aleutian Islands and the western portion of the Alaska Peninsula of northwestern North America. The name Aleut derives from the Russian; the people refer to themselves ... [8 Related Articles]
(from the article "Arctic") ...and Alaska; in 1983 it was recognized officially by the United Nations. By the early 21st century it represented some 150,000 individuals of Inuit and Yupik heritage, including those of ...
one of two branches of the Eskimo-Aleut languages (q.v.). Two mutually intelligible dialects survive, Eastern Aleut and Atkan Aleut. A third dialect, Attu, now extinct in Alaska, survives on Bering ... [3 Related Articles]
submarine depression forming the floor of the southwestern section of the Bering Sea in the Pacific Ocean. On the west it rises to meet Siberia and the Kamchatka Peninsula; on ...
(from the article "ocean") In the North Pacific the subpolar gyre is composed of the northward-flowing Alaska Current, the Aleutian Current (also known as the Subarctic Current), and the southward-flowing cold Oyashio Current. The ...
chain of small islands that separate the Bering Sea (north) from the main portion of the Pacific Ocean (south) and extend in an arc southwest, then northwest, for about 1,100 ... [7 Related Articles]
large atmospheric low-pressure (cyclonic) centre that frequently exists over the Aleutian Islands region in winter and that shifts northward and almost disappears in summer. Although the Aleutian low is associated ...
segment of the Pacific mountain system, western North America. The range extends southwestward for about 600 miles (1,000 km) from the west end of the Alaska Range to the head ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "Pacific Ocean") The seaward boundary of the western Pacific region is marked by a broken line of oceanic trenches, extending from the Aleutian Trench in the north through the Kuril and Japan ...
(Pomolobus, or Alosa,pseudoharengus), important North American food fish of the herring family, Clupeidae. Deeper-bodied than the true herring, the alewife has a pronounced saw-edge on the underside; it grows ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "tavern") The hostelries of Roman England were derived from the cauponae and the tabernae of Rome itself. These were followed by alehouses, which were run by women (alewives) and marked by ...
(from the article "agent") ...far, however, the most useful agents have been developed for Internet assistance. For example, Brewster Kahle, the inventor of the Wide Area Information Server (WAIS) for indexing Web sites, created ...
(from the article "Eusebius of Caesarea") ...Expelled from Alexandria for heresy, Arius sought and found sympathy at Caesarea, and, in fact, he proclaimed Eusebius as a leading supporter. Eusebius did not fully support either Arius or ...
king of Serbia (1889-1903), whose unpopular authoritarian reign resulted not only in his assassination but also in the end of the Obrenovic dynasty. [3 Related Articles]
sole Byzantine emperor from May 11, 912, and third son of the emperor Basil I. He founded the Macedonian dynasty and caused the renewal of warfare between Bulgaria and the ...
Greek poet and scholar of Pleuron, in Aetolia. He was appointed by Ptolemy II Philadelphus, Macedonian king of Egypt, to work on the tragedies in the library at Alexandria. Nothing ...
group of about 1,100 islands (actually the tops of a submerged section of the Coast Ranges) off the coast of southeastern Alaska, U.S. Named by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Orange River") The Orange reaches the sea a few miles north of the little inlet known as Alexander Bay. The mouth is less than three miles wide and is nearly closed by ...
city, Tallapoosa county, east-central Alabama, U.S., 75 miles (120 km) southeast of Birmingham. Early settlement began in 1836, and gold was discovered in the area in the early 1840s. It ...
(from the article "Saint Petersburg") Just to the east lies the great Palace Square, the city's oldest. The 600-ton granite monolith of the Alexander Column (1830-34), the tallest of its kind in the world and ...
(from the article "Romance languages") ...some rural communes) was the official language of the Swiss republic for some time, but none of the other dialects has had official status. Some claim that a section of ...
10th king of ancient Macedonia, who succeeded his father, Amyntas I, about 500 BC. More than a decade earlier, Macedonia had become a vassal state of Persia; and in 480 ... [1 Related Articles]
emperor of Russia (1801-25), who alternately fought and befriended Napoleon I during the Napoleonic Wars but who ultimately (1813-15) helped form the coalition that defeated the emperor of the French. ... [29 Related Articles]
king of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (1921-29) and of Yugoslavia (1929-34), who struggled to create a united state out of his politically and ethnically divided collection of ... [7 Related Articles]
fifth pope after St. Peter and successor to St. Evaristus. Little is known about Alexander's rule (c. 109-116), which is attested by Pope St. Eusebius (309/310). Some Catholic writers ascribe ...
emperor of Russia (1855-81). His liberal education and distress at the outcome of the Crimean War, which had demonstrated Russia's backwardness, inspired him toward a great program of domestic reforms, ... [18 Related Articles]
(from the article "Philip II") Philip was a son of Amyntas III. In his boyhood he saw the Macedonian kingdom disintegrating while his elder brothers Alexander II and Perdiccas III, who each reigned for a ...
emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894, opponent of representative government, and supporter of Russian nationalism. He adopted programs, based on the concepts of Orthodoxy, autocracy, and narodnost (a belief ... [8 Related Articles]
king of Scotland from 1249 to 1286, the last major ruler of the dynasty of kings descended from Malcolm III Canmore (reigned 1058-93), who consolidated royal power in Scotland. Alexander ... [3 Related Articles]
pope from 1159 to 1181, a vigorous exponent of papal authority, which he defended against challenges by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick Barbarossa and Henry II of England. [14 Related Articles]
large island in the Bellingshausen Sea, separated from the Antarctica mainland by the George VI Sound. An extremely rugged region with peaks up to 9,800 feet (2,987 m) above sea ...
(from the article "Alexander the Great") No heir had been appointed to the throne, and his generals adopted Philip II's half-witted illegitimate son, Philip Arrhidaeus, and Alexander's posthumous son by Roxana, Alexander IV, as kings, sharing ...
(from the article "coin") ...the natural resistance of the Maccabees to Greek polytheism to be satisfied by the representation of specifically Jewish symbols. These coins, like those of the rest of the dynasty, were ...
(from the article "Philo Judaeus") ...1st century, says that Philo's family surpassed all others in the nobility of its lineage. His father had apparently played a prominent role in Palestine before moving to Alexandria. Philo's ...
prince of Novgorod (1236-52) and of Kiev (1246-52) and grand prince of Vladimir (1252-63), who halted the eastward drive of the Germans and Swedes but collaborated with the Mongols in ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "Balkans") ...Consequently, much of the constitutional instability that afflicted 19th-century Serbia derived from clashes between the new royal authorities in Belgrade and local village chieftains. Likewise, Alexander of Battenberg, the first ...
(from the article "Demetrius II") Demetrius gained distinction as a boy by defeating and dethroning Alexander of Epirus, thus saving Macedonia (c. 263). On his accession he was faced by an Aetolian and Achaean coalition, ...
theologian and philosopher whose doctrines influenced the teachings of such thinkers as St. Bonaventure and John of La Rochelle. The Summa theologica, for centuries ascribed to him, is largely the ... [1 Related Articles]
despot of Pherae in Thessaly, Greece, from 369 to 358, whose tyranny caused the intervention of a number of city-states in Thessalian affairs. The other Thessalian cities, refusing to recognize ...
philosopher, geographer, and historian whose fragmentary writings provide valuable information on antiquarian and Jewish subjects. [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Alexander, James Waddell, II") ...of the usual sphere, shows that the topology of three-dimensional space is very different from two-dimensional space. In 1928 Alexander discovered an invariant polynomial, now known as the Alexander polynomial, ...
any of a body of legends about the career of Alexander the Great, told and retold with varying emphasis and purpose by succeeding ages and civilizations. [4 Related Articles]
