| | - Aland, Congress of
- (from the article "Russia") ...the Hango (Gangut) peninsula and raided the Swedish mainland. The death of Charles XII (killed accidentally in Norway in 1718, soon after his return from Turkey) led to protracted negotiations ...
- Aland, Kurt
- (from the article "biblical literature") ...of gospels as a whole, formally and theologically, with patterns or cycles to be investigated. It may be significant that the latest and best regarded Greek synopsis is that of ...
- Alani
- an ancient nomadic pastoral people that occupied the steppe region northeast of the Black Sea. The Alani were first mentioned in Roman literature in the 1st century AD and were ... [5 Related Articles]
- alanine
- either of two amino acids, one of which (alpha-alanine) is a constituent of proteins. An especially rich source of alpha-alanine is silk fibroin, from which the amino acid was first ... [5 Related Articles]
- Alaotra, Lake
- (from the article "Madagascar") There are many lakes of volcanic origin on the island, such as Lake Itasy. Alaotra is the last surviving lake of the eastern slope. Lake Tsimanampetsotsa, near the coast south ...
- alapa
- in the art musics of South Asia, improvised melody structures that reveal the musical characteristics of a raga. Variant forms of the word-alap in northern Indian music ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alapayevsk
- city, Sverdlovsk oblast (province), west-central Russia, on the Neyva River. It is one of the oldest centres of the iron and steel industry in the Urals (an ironworks was established ...
- Alar
- (from the article "Agricultural chemicals") Daminozide, also known as Alar, is a plant growth regulator used to improve the appearance and shelf life of apples. Because of its carcinogenicity in animals (Table 1), concerns have ...
- Alara
- (from the article "Napata") ...to Napata, where they may have Egyptianized the native princes of Cush, inspiring them-from about 750-to conquer a degenerate Egypt. The descendants of the first known Cushite prince, Alara (c. ...
- Alarcon y Ariza, Pedro Antonio de
- writer remembered for his novel El sombrero de tres picos (1874; The Three-Cornered Hat). [3 Related Articles]
- Alarcon, Fabian
- (from the article "Arteaga, Rosalia") ...of Abdala Bucaram. In February 1997 the National Congress, which had accused Bucaram of widespread corruption and nepotism, declared him mentally unfit to govern. The president of the Congress, Fabian ...
- Alarcon, Ricardo
- (from the article "Cuba") ...kept a low profile, while other top officials took on more prominent roles, including Vice Pres. Carlos Lage, Foreign Minister Felipe Perez Roque, and the president of the National Assembly, ...
- Alarcos, Battle of
- (July 18, 1195), celebrated Almohad victory in Muslim Spain over the forces of King Alfonso VIII of Castile. In 1190 the Almohad caliph Abu Yusuf Ya'qub forced an armistice on ... [2 Related Articles]
- Alaric
- chief of the Visigoths from 395 and leader of the army that sacked Rome in August 410, an event that symbolized the fall of the Western Roman Empire. [8 Related Articles]
- Alaric II
- king of the Visigoths, who succeeded his father Euric on Dec. 28, 484. He was married to Theodegotha, daughter of Theodoric, the Ostrogothic king of Italy. [5 Related Articles]
- alarm pheromone
- (from the article "pheromone") ...the complex activities of a colony. Some ants lay scent pheromones along a trail leading to a food source so that other members of the colony can find the food. ...
- alarm signal
- in zoology, a ritualized means of communicating a danger or threat among the members of an animal group. In many cases the signal is visual or vocal, but some animals-ants, ... [2 Related Articles]
- alarm substance
- (from the article "pheromone") ...along a trail leading to a food source so that other members of the colony can find the food. Pheromones are also used to signal the presence of danger. A ...
- alary muscle
- (from the article "circulation") ...muscular walls. The walls are perforated by pairs of lateral openings (ostia) that allow blood to flow into the heart from a large surrounding sinus, the pericardium. The heart may ...
- Alas, Leopoldo
- novelist, journalist, and the most influential literary critic in late 19th-century Spain. His biting and often-bellicose articles, sometimes called paliques ("chitchat"), and his advocacy of liberalism, anticlericalism, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alasehir
- town, western Turkey. It lies in the Kuzu River valley, at the foot of the Boz Mountain. Founded about 150 BC by a king of Pergamum, it became an important ...
- Alash Orda
- (from the article "Central Asia, history of") With the collapse of tsarist rule, the Westernized Kazak elite formed a party, the Alash Orda, as a vehicle through which they could express their aspirations for regional autonomy. Having ...
- Alaska
- constituent state of the United States of America. It lies at the extreme northwest of the North American continent and is the largest peninsula in the Western Hemisphere. Its 591,004 ... [35 Related Articles]
- Alaska blackfish
- (species Dallia pectoralis), Arctic freshwater fish, assigned by most authorities to the family Umbridae but by others to the separate family Dalliidae. The fish is about 20 cm (8 inches) ...
- Alaska Current
- surface oceanic current, a branch of the West Wind Drift that forms a counterclockwise gyre in the Gulf of Alaska. In contrast to typical sub-Arctic Pacific water, Alaska Current water ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alaska earthquake of 1964
- earthquake that occurred in south-central Alaska on March 27, 1964, with a Richter scale magnitude of 9.2. It released at least twice as much energy as the San Francisco earthquake ... [2 Related Articles]
- Alaska Gas Pipeline
- (from the article "Arctic Regions") ...This pipeline would run partly offshore, crossing the Baydaratskaya Bay and thus avoiding the Ural Mountains. Meanwhile, Alaskan Gov. Sarah Palin called for initial proposals to build the 5,600-km Alaska ...
- Alaska Highway
- road (1,523 miles [2,451 km] long) through the Yukon, connecting Dawson Creek, B.C., with Fairbanks, Alaska. It was previously called the Alaskan International Highway, the Alaska Military Highway, and the ... [4 Related Articles]
- Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge
- (from the article "Aleutian Islands") ...rainfall, and persistent fog, the Aleutians are practically devoid of trees but are covered with a luxuriant growth of grasses, sedges, and many flowering plants. The Aleutian Islands unit of ...
- Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
- (from the article "American Subarctic peoples") ...from protest through land claims and other legal actions, to prevent or ameliorate the effects of such development. Many of their efforts have proven successful, most notably those resulting in ...
- Alaska paper birch
- (from the article "paper birch") ...leaves, about six centimetres long; the mountain paper birch (variety cordifolia), with white bark, is a small, sometimes shrubby tree of Canada and the eastern and midwestern U.S. In the ...
- Alaska Peninsula
- stretch of land extending southwest from mainland Alaska, U.S. It spreads for 500 miles (800 km) between the Pacific Ocean (southeast) and Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. ... [2 Related Articles]
- Alaska pollock
- (from the article "Agriculture and Food Supplies") The Alaska pollock catch dropped by 18.44% to 2,654,854 metric tons. It was announced during 2004 that following a three-year assessment process, the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands pollock fishery had been ...
- Alaska Purchase
- (1867), acquisition by the United States from Russia of 586,412 square miles (1,518,800 square km) of land at the northwestern tip of the North American continent. [3 Related Articles]
- Alaska Railroad
- (from the article "permafrost") ...necessity of maintaining a relatively low gradient and the subsequent location of the roadbed in ice-rich lowlands that are underlain with perennially frozen ground. The Trans-Siberian Railroad, the Alaska Railroad, ...
- Alaska Range
- segment of the Pacific mountain system that extends generally northward and eastward in an arc for about 400 miles (650 km) from the Aleutian Range to the Yukon boundary in ... [3 Related Articles]
- Alaska Rural Rehabilitation Corporation
- (from the article "Palmer") ...as a station on the Matanuska branch of the Alaska Railroad. In 1935, during the Great Depression, the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt established Palmer as the seat of ...
- Alaska, flag of
- U.S. state flag consisting of a dark blue field (background) showing Polaris (the North Star) and the Ursa Major (Great Bear) constellation in gold or yellow.
- Alaska, Gulf of
- broad inlet of the North Pacific on the south coast of Alaska, U.S. Bounded by the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island (west) and Cape Spencer (east), it has a surface ... [4 Related Articles]
- Alaska, University of
- system of public land-, sea-, and space-grant universities in Alaska, U.S., with campuses (regional university centres) in Fairbanks (main campus), Anchorage, and Juneau (known as the University of Alaska Southeast). ... [2 Related Articles]
- Alaskan husky
- (from the article "dogsled racing") ...common to the most northern reaches of the Northern Hemisphere -such as Eskimo dogs, Siberian huskies, Samoyeds, and Alaskan malamutes-are sometimes used, most racing sled dogs are Alaskan huskies, a ...
- Alaskan Malamute
- sled dog developed by the Malemiut, an Eskimo (Inupiat) group from which it takes its name. The Alaskan Malamute is a strongly built dog, with a broad head, erect ears, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alaskan mountains
- three principal mountain groups-the Brooks Range, Alaska Range, and Aleutian Range-found in Alaska.
- Alastor
- any of certain avenging deities or spirits, especially in Greek antiquity. The term is associated with Nemesis, the goddess of divine retribution who signified the gods' disapproval of human presumption. ...
- alastrim
- (from the article "smallpox") Smallpox is caused by infection with variola major, a virus of the family Poxviridae. (A less-virulent form of smallpox, called alastrim, is caused by a closely related virus known as ...
- alate
- (from the article "reproductive behaviour") The winged sexual forms, or alates, are produced at certain times during the year and swarm in mating flights to establish a new colony, which may actually be no more ...
- Alateen
- (from the article "alcoholism") ...and, at best, the relapse-prevention technique of choice. AA has spawned allied but independent organizations, including Al-Anon, for spouses and other close relatives and friends of alcoholics, and Alateen, for ...
- Alatri
- town, Lazio (Latium) regione, central Italy. It lies in the Cosa River valley, at 1,647 feet (502 m) above sea level, just north of Frosinone city. Said to have been ...
- Alaungpaya
- king (1752-60) who unified Myanmar (Burma) and founded the Alaungpaya, or Konbaung, dynasty, which held power until the British annexed Upper (northern) Burma on Jan. 1, 1886. He also conquered ... [7 Related Articles]
- Alaungpaya Dynasty
- the last ruling dynasty (1752-1885) of Myanmar (Burma). The dynasty's collapse in the face of British imperial might marked the end of Myanmar sovereignty for more than 60 years. (Some ... [3 Related Articles]
- Alava
- provincia, northern Spain. Alava is the southernmost of the three Basque Country provincias of northern Spain and is located mainly on the southern slope of the Pyrenees Range. It is ... [2 Related Articles]
- Alava y Esquivel, Miguel Ricardo de
- soldier in the Napoleonic Wars and statesman. Alava was an aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington and the Spanish commissary at the duke's headquarters during the Peninsular War. On the ...
- Alavi, Bozorg
- one of the leading prose writers of 20th-century Persian literature. [1 Related Articles]
- Alawite
- any member of a minority sect of Shi'ite Muslims living chiefly in Syria. [6 Related Articles]
- Alay Range
- (from the article "Tien Shan") ...to the north by the Junggar (Dzungarian) Basin of northwestern China and the southern Kazakhstan plains and to the southeast by the Tarim (Talimu) Basin. To the southwest the Hisor ...
- alaya-vijnana
- (Sanskrit: "store of consciousness"), key concept of the Vijnanavada ("Consciousness-affirming") school of the Mahayana Buddhist tradition. Since that school maintains that no external reality exists, while retaining the position that ... [3 Related Articles]
- alb
- liturgical vestment worn in some services by Roman Catholic officiants, some Anglicans, and some Lutherans. A symbol of purity, it is a full-length, long-sleeved, usually white linen tunic secured at ... [4 Related Articles]
- Alba
- town, Piedmont regione, northwestern Italy. It lies along the Tanaro River southwest of Turin. It occupies the site of the Roman Alba Pompeia, which was probably founded by Pompeius Strabo ...
- Alba
- the kingdom formed by the union of the Picts and Scots under Kenneth I MacAlpin in 843. Their territory, ranging from modern Argyll and Bute to Caithness, across much of ... [2 Related Articles]
- alba
- in the music of the troubadours, the 11th- and 12th-century poet-musicians of southern France, a song of lament for lovers parting at dawn or of a watchman's warning to lovers ...
- Alba
- judet (county), western Romania, occupying an area of 2,406 square miles (6,231 square km). The Western Carpathians rise above the settled areas in intermontane valleys. The county is drained westward ...
- Alba Fucens
- ancient fortified hilltop town of the Aequi in central Italy. It was settled by Rome as a Latin colony in 303 BC and was important for its domination of the ...
- Alba Iulia
- city, capital of Alba judet (county), west-central Romania. It lies along the Mures River, 170 miles (270 km) northwest of Bucharest. One of the oldest settlements in Romania, the site ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alba Longa
- ancient city of Latium, Italy, in the Alban Hills about 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Rome, near present Castel Gandolfo. Tradition attributes its founding (c. 1152 BC) to Ascanius, ... [3 Related Articles]
- Alba, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3er duque de (3rd duke of)
- Spanish soldier and statesman famous for his conquest of Portugal (1580) and notorious for his tyranny as governor-general of the Netherlands (1567-73). In the Netherlands he instituted the Council of ... [11 Related Articles]
- Albacete
- provincia (province) in the comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Castile-La Mancha, southeast-central Spain. It occupies the southeastern end of the Meseta Central (plateau). Albacete ...
- Albacete
- city, capital of Albacete provincia (province), in the Castile-La Mancha comunidad autonoma (autonomous community), southeast-central Spain. Albacete is located in the historic La Mancha ...
- albacore
- (from the article "albacore") (species Thunnus alalunga), large oceanic fish noted for its fine flesh. The bluefin tuna (T. thynnus) is also sometimes called albacore. See tuna.classification
- Albaicin
- (from the article "Granada") In the northeast of the city is the Albaicin (Albayzin) quarter, the oldest section of Granada, with its narrow cobbled streets and carmenes (Moorish-style houses). Albaicin is ...
- Albalag, Isaac
- Jewish philosopher who rendered a Hebrew translation of parts of the Maqasid al-falasifah ("Aims of the Philosophers"), a review of doctrines of earlier thinkers by the Arabic philosopher al-Ghazali, to ... [2 Related Articles]
- Alban Hills
- area of extinct volcanoes in the Lazio (Latium) regione of central Italy, southeast of Rome. The hills consist of an outer circle, 6-8 miles (10-13 km) in diameter, rising to ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alban, Saint
- first British martyr. [1 Related Articles]
- Alban, Vicente
- (from the article "Latin American art") ...further explored by contemporary artists in South America on the eve of independence. A South American variant on castas appeared in Quito in 1783, when Vicente Alban ...
- Albani, Alessandro
- (from the article "Winckelmann, Johann") ...his homeland for the city of Rome, second only to Paris as a cultural centre. There he rose to the position of librarian of the Vatican, president of Antiquities, and, ...
- Albani, Francesco
- Italian painter, one of the 17th-century Bolognese masters trained in the studio of the Carracci. He assisted Guido Reni in a number of major decorative cycles, including that of the ...
- Albania
- country in southern Europe, located in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula on the Strait of Otranto, the southern entrance to the Adriatic Sea. The capital city is Tirana ... [27 Related Articles]
- Albania, flag of
- national flag consisting of a red field (background) with a black two-headed eagle in its centre. Its width-to-length ratio is 5 to 7.
- Albania, history of
- (from the article "Albania") History
Communist takeoverEurope, history ofA climate of fearIn Albania there was not even a preliminary coalition. At the first postwar elections ...
- Albanian
- (from the article "Macedonia") Continued friction between ethnic Albanian and ethnic Macedonian parties as well as within the ethnic Albanian political spectrum characterized Macedonian politics for much of 2007. On January 27 the Democratic ...
- Albanian Democratic Party
- (from the article "Albania") Albanian domestic politics in 2004 remained focused on the decade-old power struggle between Socialist Prime Minister Fatos Nano and his rival, former president Sali Berisha (of the Albanian Democratic Party ...
- Albanian language
- Indo-European language spoken in Albania and by smaller numbers of ethnic Albanians in other parts of the southern Balkans, along the east coast of Italy and in Sicily, in southern ... [6 Related Articles]
- Albanian League
- first Albanian nationalist organization. Formed at Prizren, Serbia, on July 1, 1878, the league, initially supported by the Turks, tried to influence the Congress of Berlin, which was formulating a ... [3 Related Articles]
- Albanian literature
- the body of written works produced in the Albanian language. The Ottoman Empire, which ruled Albania from the 15th to the early 20th century, prohibited publications in Albanian, an edict ... [1 Related Articles]
- Albanian Republican Party
- (from the article "Albania") ...the 1997 economic collapse and fell into opposition. Other political parties of note in the early 21st century were the Social Democratic Party of Albania, the Union for Human Rights ...
- Albanian Socialist Party
- (from the article "Albania") Early in 2007 the political scene in Albania was dominated by a dispute between the government and the opposition, led by the Socialist Party of Albania (SPA), over rules and ...
- Albano, Lake
- crater lake in the Alban Hills (Colli Albani), southeast of Rome. Elliptical in shape, formed by the fusion of two ancient volcanic craters, it lies 961 feet (293 m) above ...
- Albanoi
- (from the article "Albania") ...one. As a consequence, from the 8th to the 11th century, the name Illyria gradually gave way to the name, first mentioned in the 2nd century CE by the geographer ...
- Albany
- southernmost town and seaport of Western Australia. It lies on the northern shore of Princess Royal Harbour, King George Sound. The naturally broad, deep, sheltered harbour was visited and charted ... [1 Related Articles]
- Albany
- city, seat (1853) of Dougherty county, southwestern Georgia, U.S. It lies along the Flint River at the head of navigation, about 90 miles (145 km) southeast of Columbus. Founded in ...
- Albany
- city, seat (1851) of Linn county, western Oregon, U.S., in the Willamette Valley, at the juncture of the Willamette and Calapooia rivers, 26 miles (42 km) south of Salem. Established ...
- Albany
- city, capital (1797) of the state of New York, U.S., and seat (1683) of Albany county. It lies along the Hudson River, 143 miles (230 km) north of New York ... [1 Related Articles]
- Albany
- county, east-central New York state, U.S., bordered by the Mohawk River to the northeast and the Hudson River to the east. The terrain rises from the Hudson valley lowlands in ...
- Albany Congress
- conference in U.S. colonial history (June 19-July 11, 1754) at Albany, N.Y., which advocated a union of the British colonies in North America for their security and defense against the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Albany River
- river, north central Ontario, Canada, rising in Lake St. Joseph at an elevation of 1,218 ft (371 m) and flowing generally eastward into James Bay. For 250 mi (400 km) ...
- Albany, Alexander Stewart, duke of
- second son of James II of Scotland, created duke of Albany in or before 1458. Both he and John, earl of Mar, quarrelled with their brother James III, who imprisoned ...
- Albany, John Stewart, 2nd duke of
- regent of Scotland during the reign of James V and advocate of close ties between France and Scotland. His father, Alexander Stewart (c. 1454-85), the 1st duke of Albany of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Albany, Louise Maximilienne Caroline, Countess of
- wife of the Young Pretender, Prince Charles Edward, unsuccessful Stuart claimant to the English throne. Later she became the mistress of the Italian poet and dramatist Vittorio Alfieri.
- Albany, Robert Stewart, 1st duke of
- regent of Scotland who virtually ruled Scotland from 1388 to 1420, throughout the reign of his weak brother Robert III and during part of the reign of James I, who ...
- Albarado, Lawrence
- (from the article "Citizen Journalism: A News [R]evolution") The phenomenon called "citizen journalism" expanded its worldwide influence in 2008 in spite of continuing concerns over whether "citizen" journalists were "real" journalists. Citizens in disaster zones provided instant text ...
- albarello
- pottery jar for apothecaries' ointments and dry drugs made in the Near East and in Spain and produced in Italy from the 15th through the 18th century in the form ... [1 Related Articles]
- Albarn, Damon
- (from the article "Performing Arts") ...Diabate, and Tinariwen; Senegal's Baaba Maal; and the Algerian rocker Rachid Taha, who appeared alongside K'Naan. Participating Western musicians included the Magic Numbers, DJ Fatboy Slim, and Damon Albarn (of ...
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