| | - Akselrod, Pavel Borisovich
- Marxist theorist, a prominent member of the first Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party, and one of the leaders of the reformist wing of Russian social democracy, known after 1903 as the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Akshak
- ancient city of Mesopotamia on the northern boundary of Akkad, identified by some authorities with the Babylonian city of Upi (Opis). About 2500 BC Akshak was conquered by Eannatum, king ... [1 Related Articles]
- Aksobhya
- (from the article "Aksobhya") in Mahayana and Vajrayana (Tantric) Buddhism, one of the five "self-born" Buddhas. See Dhyani-Buddha.Dhyani-BuddhaDhyani-Buddha...and Vajrayana (Tantric) B
- Aksu River
- (from the article "Tarim River") ...by the confluence of the Kaxgar (Kashgar) and Yarkand (Yarkant) rivers in the far west; flowing northeastward from this confluence, the river is then joined some 230 miles (370 km) ...
- Aksum
- a powerful kingdom in northern Ethiopia during the early Christian era. [8 Related Articles]
- Aksum
- ancient town in northern Ethiopia. It lies at an elevation of about 7,000 feet (2,100 m), just west of Adwa. [4 Related Articles]
- Aksyonov, Vasily Pavlovich
- Russian novelist and short-story writer, one of the leading literary spokesmen for the generation of Soviets who reached maturity after World War II. [2 Related Articles]
- Akti promontory
- (from the article "Athos, Mount") ...than the parent monasteries. It occupies the easternmost of the three promontories of the Chalcidice (Khalkidhiki) Peninsula, which projects from Macedonia region into the Aegean Sea. The Akti promontory, 30 ...
- Aktiengesellschaft fur Anilinfabrikation
- (from the article "Agfa-Gevaert NV") Agfa, an abbreviation for Aktiengesellschaft fur Anilinfabrikation ("Corporation for Aniline Manufacture"), was founded as a dye company in 1867 at Rummelsburger See near Berlin; it began producing photographic film in ...
- Aktshura Oghlu, Yussuf
- (from the article "Pan-Turkism") ...in language, thought and action" of all the Turkish-speaking peoples in the Russian and Ottoman empires, established the Turkish newspaper Tercuman in the Russian Crimea. In 1911 Yussuf Aktshura Oghlu ...
- akua-ba
- (from the article "art, African") ...lap of the first king, Osei Tutu. The stool is believed to house the spirit of the Asante people in the same way that an individual's stool houses his spirit ...
- Akuapem language
- (from the article "Akan languages") dialect cluster of the Nyo group within the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Its principal members are Asante (Ashanti), Fante (Fanti), Brong (Abron), and Akuapem. The Akan cluster ...
- Akuffo, Frederick W. K.
- (from the article "Rawlings, Jerry J.") ...and public life of widespread corruption. He and his Armed Forces Revolutionary Council ruled for 112 days, during which time the former heads of state, General Ignatius Kutu Acheampong and ...
- Akuj
- (from the article "Teso") ...and much of the indigenous territorial organization was destroyed. Almost all indigenous religion has been replaced by Christianity; previously the Teso believed in an omnipotent but remote god, Akuj, and ...
- akund floss
- downy seed fibre obtained from Calotropis procera and C. gigantea, plants of the Apocynaceae family. The plants are native to southern Asia and Africa and were introduced to South America ...
- Akure
- town, capital of Ondo state, southwestern Nigeria. It lies in the southern part of the forested Yoruba Hills and at the intersection of roads from Ondo, Ilesha, Ado-Ekiti, and Owo. ... [1 Related Articles]
- Akureyri
- town, northern Iceland. It lies at the southern end of Eyja Fjord. Akureyri is the chief centre of the north and is one of the island's most populous urban centres ...
- Akuse clay
- (from the article "Ghana") ...coastal savanna zone has an abundance of soil types, including tropical black earths, tropical gray earths, acid vleisols, and sodium vleisols. Except for the tropical black earths, known locally as ...
- Akutagawa Prize
- Japanese literary prize awarded semiannually for the best work of fiction by a promising new Japanese writer. The prize is generally considered, along with the Naoki Prize (for the best ... [3 Related Articles]
- Akutagawa Ryunosuke
- prolific Japanese writer known especially for his stories based on events in the Japanese past and for his stylistic virtuosity. [2 Related Articles]
- akuto
- (from the article "Japan") ...provinces centered around Kyoto). Elsewhere as well, local warriors with grievances increasingly took the law into their own hands, seizing crops or otherwise disturbing local order. Termed akuto by the ...
- Akvarium
- (from the article "Russia") ...rock musicians in Russia were content to reproduce not only the styles but the songs of British and American models; however, by the early 1980s Russian rock had found its ...
- Akwa Ibom
- state, southeastern Nigeria. Its area formed part of Cross River state until 1987, when Akwa Ibom state was created. Akwa Ibom is bounded by the Cross River on the east ... [1 Related Articles]
- Akwamu
- Akan state (c. 1600-1730) of the Gold and Slave coasts of western Africa. At its apogee in the early 18th century, it stretched more than 250 miles (400 km) along ... [3 Related Articles]
- Akwamuhene
- (from the article "Akwamu") ...alliance with or subject to the powerful Denkyera, they expanded south and southeast toward the Ga and Fante (Fanti) towns of the coast. These they subdued between 1677 and 1681 ...
- akwanshi
- (from the article "art, African") ...represent hair, which, alternatively, may be carved in elaborate coils. They are used by several masking associations. In the northern Ekoi area, around Ikom, are found circles of large stones, ...
- Akwapim-Togo Ranges
- narrow belt of ridges and hills in Ghana, western Africa. They extend in a southwest-northeast line for about 200 miles (320 km) from the Densu River mouth (near Accra) on ... [1 Related Articles]
- Akyem
- (from the article "Akwamu") ...the Ewe people of the Ho region. By this time, however, their former satellite, Asante, had grown rich and powerful and was becoming increasingly hostile to Akim. Pressured by the ...
- Akzo Nobel NV
- diversified Dutch manufacturer of paints, coatings, and chemicals. The company was formed from the merger of Akzo NV and the Swedish firm Nobel Industries AB in 1994. Its headquarters are ...
- Akzo NV
- (from the article "Akzo Nobel NV") diversified Dutch manufacturer of paints, coatings, and chemicals. The company was formed from the merger of Akzo NV and the Swedish firm Nobel Industries AB in 1994. Its headquarters are ...
- Al bu Falah
- (from the article "United Arab Emirates") ...were centred on the Al-'Ayn and Al-Liwa' oases of Abu Zaby, and their strength was land-based. Under the leadership of the Al Nahyan (members of the Al Bu Falah tribe), ...
- Al Bu Sa'id dynasty
- Muslim dynasty of Oman, in southeastern Arabia (c. 1749 to the present), and of Zanzibar, in East Africa (c. 1749-1964). [3 Related Articles]
- Al Thani dynasty
- (from the article "Qatar") ...Qatar as a Bahraini dependency. It then signed a separate treaty with Muhammad ibn Thani in 1868, setting the course both for Qatar's future independence and for the rule of ...
- Al Wahibah Dunes
- sandy desert, east-central Oman. It fronts the Arabian Sea on the southeast and stretches along the coast for more than 100 miles (160 km). The desert consists of honey-coloured dunes ... [1 Related Articles]
- al-
- Arabic definite article, meaning "the." It often prefixes Arabic proper nouns, especially place-names; an example is Al-Jazirah (Arabic: "The Island"), the name of an interfluvial region in The Sudan. The ...
- Al-Anon
- (from the article "alcoholism") ...regard AA as, at worst, an inexpensive addition to any therapeutic regimen and, at best, the relapse-prevention technique of choice. AA has spawned allied but independent organizations, including Al-Anon, for ...
- Al-Aswani, 'Ala'
- The appearance in 2002 of 'Imarat Ya'qubiyyan (The Yacoubian Building), the first novel by 'Ala' al-Aswani (Alaa Al Aswany), was in itself a novel event. The book attracted an unprecedented ... [2 Related Articles]
- Al-Firdan Bridge
- longest rotating metal bridge in the world, spanning the Suez Canal in northeastern Egypt, from the lower Nile River valley near Ismailia to the Sinai Peninsula. Opened on Nov. 14, ...
- al-Halabi, Ibrahim
- (from the article "Syria") ...and the Christian communities in Aleppo and Lebanon brought forth scholars. Muslim Arab culture of the time produced the theologian 'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulusi, as well as Ibrahim al-Halabi, a systematic ...
- Al-Idrisi
- (from the article "Spain") ...in Muslim Spain were Abu 'Ubayd al-Bakri (died 1094), who wrote the Kitab al-masalik wa'l-mamalik ("Book of Highways and of Kingdoms"), and al-Idrisi (died 1166), who was in the service ...
- Al-Quds University
- (from the article "Jerusalem") ...to the medical school at 'En Kerem and the Faculty of Agriculture in Rehovot. The old buildings on Mount Scopus have been renovated and supplemented by a new complex of ...
- ala
- (from the article "sacrum") ...top of the first (uppermost) sacral vertebra articulates with the last (lowest) lumbar vertebra. The transverse processes of the first three sacral vertebrae are fused to form wide lateral wings, ...
- Ala'ud'din
- sultan of the Malay kingdom of Johore from 1528. He is sometimes considered the cofounder of the kingdom with his father, Mahmud Shah, the last sultan of Malacca, who established ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alabama
- constituent state of the United States of America, admitted in 1819 as the 22nd state. Alabama forms a roughly rectangular shape on the map, elongated in a north-south direction. It ... [10 Related Articles]
- Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University
- public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Normal, Alabama, U.S., a historically black school. The university comprises the schools of Graduate Studies and Extended Education, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Arts ...
- Alabama claims
- maritime grievances of the United States against Great Britain, accumulated during and after the American Civil War (1861-65). The claims are significant in international law for furthering the use of ... [5 Related Articles]
- Alabama Platform
- in U.S. history, Southern political leader William L. Yancey's response (1848) to the antislavery Wilmot Proviso (q.v.). The Alabama platform insisted that the U.S. government protect slavery in territories ceded ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alabama River
- river in southern Alabama, U.S. It is formed by the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Montgomery, winds westward to Selma, and then flows southward. Its ...
- Alabama State University
- public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Montgomery, Alabama, U.S. It is a historically black school, and its enrollment is predominantly African American. Alabama State offers bachelor's and master's degree ...
- Alabama, flag of
- U.S. state flag consisting of a white field with a red saltire (diagonal cross).
- Alabama, University of
- state university with campuses at Tuscaloosa (main campus), Birmingham, and Huntsville. All three branches offer a wide university curriculum and programs for bachelor's, master's, and doctorate degrees. The University of ... [1 Related Articles]
- alabaster
- fine-grained, massive gypsum (q.v.) that has been used for centuries for statuary, carvings, and other ornaments. It normally is snow-white and translucent but can be artificially dyed; it may be ... [4 Related Articles]
- Alabaster, William
- English poet, mystic, and scholar in Latin and Hebrew, author of a Latin tragedy, Roxana (1597, published 1632), which the 18th-century critic Samuel Johnson thought was the finest Latin writing ...
- alabastron
- elongated, narrow-necked flask, used as a perfume or unguent container. The Greek alabastron has no handles but often lugs (ear-shaped projections), sometimes pierced with string holes. There are three types ...
- Alaca Huyuk
- ancient Anatolian site northeast of the old Hittite capital of Hattusa at Bogazkoy, north-central Turkey. Its excavation was begun by Makridi Bey in 1907 and resumed in 1935 by the ... [3 Related Articles]
- Alacaluf
- South American Indian people, very few (about 10) in number, living on the eastern coast of Isla Wellington in southern Chile. Their culture closely resembles that of the extinct Chono ... [4 Related Articles]
- Alacoque, Saint Margaret Mary
- (from the article "La Colombiere, Claude Blessed") Jesuit who assisted St. Margaret Mary Alacoque in establishing the devotion to the Sacred Heart.feast of Sacred HeartSacred Heart...was fostered ...
- Aladag
- (from the article "Taurus Mountains") ...in southern Turkey, a great chain running parallel to the Mediterranean coast. The system extends along a curve from Lake Egridir in the west to the upper reaches of the ...
- Aladagh
- (from the article "Elburz Mountains") ...arc eastward from the frontier with Turkmenistan southwest of the Caspian Sea to the Khorasan region of northeastern Iran, southeast of the Caspian Sea, where the range merges into the ...
- Aladdin
- hero of one of the best-known stories in The Thousand and One Nights.
- Aladura
- (Yoruba: "Owners of Prayer"), religious movement among the Yoruba peoples of western Nigeria, embracing some of the independent prophet-healing churches of West Africa. The movement, which in the early 1970s ...
- alafin
- (from the article "Oyo") town, Oyo state, southwestern Nigeria. Oyo lies 32 miles (51 km) north of Ibadan. In the 1830s it was declared the new seat of the alafin of Oyo (the political ...
- Alagakonara
- (from the article "Sri Lanka") ...rock, which he strengthened with ramparts and trenches. His successors moved the capital southward again to Kurunegala and then to Gampola toward the Central Highlands about 1344. Meanwhile, the Alagakonara, ...
- Alagiyavanna Mahottala
- (from the article "South Asian arts") ...the plentiful eulogies of the Buddha. Popular, too, was didactic verse, among the most notable of which is the Kusajataka, 687 stanzas of epigrams and exempla by the 17th-century poet ...
- Alagna, Roberto, and Gheorghiu, Angela
- In 1996 French-born tenor Roberto Alagna and Romanian soprano Angela Gheorghiu created their own personal operatic libretto with a highly publicized romance that resulted in marriage in May. The pair ...
- Alagna, Roberto, and Gheorghiu, Angela
- In 1996 French-born tenor Roberto Alagna and Romanian soprano Angela Gheorghiu created their own personal operatic libretto with a highly publicized romance that resulted in marriage in May. The pair ...
- Alagoas
- (from the article "Brazil") In early February the Congress convened, and the Senate reelected Alagoas Sen. Renan Calheiros of the Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement (PMDB) as its president. Calheiros was a central ...
- Alagoas
- estado (state) of northeastern Brazil. It is the second smallest of Brazil's states and is an agricultural region in the early stages of industrialization. Situated on the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alagoinhas
- city, northeastern Bahia estado (state), northeastern Brazil, lying 35 miles (56 km) inland from the Atlantic coast at 607 feet (185 metres) above sea level. It was ...
- Alagonakkara
- (from the article "Zheng He") On his second voyage, in 1409, Zheng He encountered treachery from King Alagonakkara of Ceylon. Zheng defeated his forces and took the king back to Nanjing as a captive. In ...
- Alain
- French philosopher whose work profoundly influenced several generations of readers. [2 Related Articles]
- Alain de Lille
- theologian and poet so celebrated for his varied learning that he was known as "the universal doctor." [2 Related Articles]
- Alain le Grand
- (from the article "Albret Family") Charles I's grandson, Alain, was known as Alain le Grand (1440-1522). The surname refers not to his deeds but to the vast domains over which he ruled as one of ...
- Alain-Fournier
- French writer whose only completed novel, Le Grand Meaulnes (1913; The Wanderer, or The Lost Domain), is a modern classic. [1 Related Articles]
- Alais, Peace of
- (from the article "Huguenot") Civil wars, however, occurred again in the 1620s under King Louis XIII. Eventually the Huguenots were defeated, and the Peace of Ales was signed on June 28, 1629, whereby the ...
- Alajuela
- city, northwestern Costa Rica. It lies in the Valle Central at an elevation of 3,141 feet (957 metres). Known in colonial days as Villahermosa, the town was active in support ...
- alake
- (from the article "Ogun") ...coming from Lagos and other parts of the country. Major tourist attractions are Olumo rock, which according to tradition provided refuge for early Egba settlers; the Ake, the residence of ...
- Alaknanda River
- (from the article "Ganges River") The Ganges rises in the southern Himalayas on the Indian side of the Tibet border. Its five headstreams-the Bhagirathi, Alaknanda, Mandakini, Dhauliganga, and Pindar-all rise in the Uttarakhand region (the ...
- Alakol, Lake
- salt lake in Kazakhstan, 110 miles (180 km) east of Lake Balqash, near the border with the Uighur Autonomous Region of Sinkiang, China. Lake Alakol has a drainage basin of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alalakh
- ancient Syrian city in the Orontes (Asi) valley, southern Turkey. Excavations (1936-49) by Sir Leonard Woolley uncovered numerous impressive buildings, including a massive structure known as the palace of Yarim-Lim, ... [3 Related Articles]
- Alalu
- (from the article "Teshub") ...god, Tarhun (q.v.). Several myths about Teshub survive in Hittite versions. One, called the "Theogony," relates that Teshub achieved supremacy in the pantheon after the gods Alalu, Anu, and Kumarbi ...
- Alam al-Halfa, Battle of
- (from the article "World War II") ...the north at a much shorter distance from the breach than Rommel had planned. Their assault thus ran mainly into the position held by the British 22nd Armoured Brigade, to ...
- Alaman, Lucas
- politician and historian, the leader of Mexican conservatives for nearly 30 years and the spokesman for a strong, centralized government that would support industrialization, educational expansion, and agricultural modernization. Living ...
- Alamance Battleground State Historic Site
- (from the article "Burlington") Textiles and apparel are still important and are augmented by diversified manufactures (electronic equipment, chemicals, plastics, and machinery) and printing and publishing. Nearby is the Alamance Battleground State Historic Site, ...
- Alamanni, Luigi
- (from the article "Italian literature") ...this period, chiefly by Giovanni Rucellai, who recast in Le api (1539; "The Bees") the fourth book of the Roman poet Virgil's Georgics, and by Luigi Alamanni, ...
- Alamayyahu, Haddis
- (from the article "African literature") ...Ahari (1963; "Fallen Woman") by Innanu Aggonafir (pseudonym of Nagash Gabra Maryam). Haddis Alamayyahu's novel Wanjalannak Danna (1974; "The Crooked Judge") depicts corruption in the...
- alambana-pratyaya
- (from the article "pratyaya") ...the disappearance of the mental activity of the first moment is regarded as the cause for the appearance of that of the second moment; (3) the object as a cause ...
- Alamblak
- (from the article "art and architecture, Oceanic") ...of the Sepik River and among the hills ranging across the southern border of the Sepik valley, including the Hunstein Mountains. The most spectacular works in this style were figures ...
- Alameda
- city, Alameda county, California, U.S. It lies on a 6.5-mile- (11-km-) long by 1-mile- (1.6-km-) wide island in San Francisco Bay, across the Oakland Harbor Channel from Oakland, with which ...
- Alamein, battles of El-
- (from the article "World War II") The ensuing First Battle of el-Alamein, which lasted throughout July 1942, marked the end of the German hopes of a rapid victory. Rommel's troops, having come so far and so ...
- Alamein, El-
- coastal town in northwestern Egypt, about 60 miles (100 km) west of Alexandria, that was the site of two major battles between British and Axis forces in 1942 during World ...
- Alamgir II
- Mughal emperor of India who disgraced his reign (1754-59) by his weakness and his disregard for his subjects' welfare. [1 Related Articles]
- Alamgirpur
- (from the article "India") ...Kacchi desert region of Balochistan, Pak., toward Sibi and Quetta. East of the Indus system, toward the north, a number of sites occur right up to the edge of the ...
- Alamieyeseigha, Diepreye
- (from the article "Nigeria") ...of all state or federal funds at home and abroad. On August 3 the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation raided the Maryland home of Vice Pres. Atiku Abubakar, and on ...
- Alamo
- 18th-century Franciscan mission in San Antonio, Texas, U.S., that was the site of a historic resistance effort by a small group of determined fighters for Texan independence (1836) from Mexico. [4 Related Articles]
- Alamogordo
- city, seat (1899) of Otero county, southern New Mexico, U.S. It lies at the western base of the Sacramento Mountains and east of the Tularosa Basin. Founded by John A. ... [2 Related Articles]
- Alamosa
- city, seat (1913) of Alamosa county, southern Colorado, U.S. It lies along the Rio Grande in the San Luis Valley, on the western flank of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. ...
- Alamut
- (from the article "Iran") ...movement in Iran crystallized under the leadership of Hasan-e Sabbah, who had been trained in Fatimid Egypt. In 1090 Hasan gained the castle of Alamut in the Elburz Mountains, and ...
- Alanbrooke, Alan Francis Brooke, 1st Viscount, Baron Alanbrooke of Brookeborough
- British field marshal and chief of the Imperial General Staff during World War II.
- Aland Convention
- (from the article "Sweden") ...The peace treaty that was concluded in Paris shortly afterward, however, ended the hopes cherished in Sweden of winning Finland, or at least Aland, back again. All that was gained ...
- Aland Islands
- archipelago constituting Aland (Ahvenanmaa) autonomous territory, southwestern Finland. The islands lie at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia, 25 miles (40 km) east of the Swedish coast, at the ... [4 Related Articles]
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