| | - Abd al-Aziz
- sultan of Morocco from 1894 to 1908, whose reign was marked by an unsuccessful attempt to introduce European administrative methods in an atmosphere of increasing foreign influence. [2 Related Articles]
- Abd al-Ghani
- Syrian mystic prose and verse writer on the cultural and religious thought of his time.
- Abd al-Hafid
- sultan of Morocco (1908-12), the brother of Sultan Abd al-Aziz, against whom he revolted beginning in 1907. [2 Related Articles]
- Abd al-Ilah
- regent of Iraq (1939-53) and crown prince to 1958. [3 Related Articles]
- Abd al-Malik
- fifth caliph (685-705) of the Umayyad Arab dynasty centred in Damascus. He reorganized and strengthened governmental administration and, throughout the empire, adopted Arabic as the language of administration. [8 Related Articles]
- Abd al-Mu'min
- Berber caliph of the Almohad dynasty (reigned 1130-63), who conquered the North African Maghrib from the Almoravids andbrought all the Berbers under one rule. [5 Related Articles]
- Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani
- traditional founder of the Qadiriyah order of the mystical Sufi branch of Islam. [3 Related Articles]
- Abd al-Rahman I
- member of the Umayyad ruling family of Syria who founded an Umayyad dynasty in Spain. [6 Related Articles]
- Abd al-Rahman III
- first caliph and greatest ruler of the Umayyad Arab Muslim dynasty of Spain. He reigned as hereditary emir ("prince") of Cordoba from October 912 and took the title of caliph ... [6 Related Articles]
- Abd al-Wadid Dynasty
- dynasty of Zanatah Berbers (1236-1550), successors to the Almohad empire in northwestern Algeria. In 1236 the Zanatahs, loyal vassals to the Almohads, gained the support of other Berber tribes and ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad
- Egyptian composer and musician, who changed the direction of modern Arabic music by incorporating European and Latin American instruments, melodies, and dance rhythms into his work. [1 Related Articles]
- Abd Allah
- king of Saudi Arabia from 2005. As crown prince (1982-2005), he had served as the country's de facto ruler following the 1995 stroke of his half brother King Fahd (reigned ... [9 Related Articles]
- Abd Allah
- political and religious leader who succeeded Muhammad Ahmad (al-Mahdi) as head of a religious movement and state within the Sudan. [4 Related Articles]
- Abd Allah ibn al-'Abbas
- a Companion of the prophet Muhammad, one of the greatest scholars of early Islam, and the first exegete of the Qur'an.
- Abd Allah ibn az-Zubayr
- leader of a rebellion against the Umayyad ruling dynasty of the Islamic empire, and the most prominent representative of the second generation of Muslim families in Mecca, who resented the ... [5 Related Articles]
- Abd Allah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh
- governor of Upper (southern) Egypt for the Muslim caliphate during the reign of 'Uthman (644-656) and the cofounder, with the future caliph Mu'awiyah I, of the first Muslim navy, which ... [2 Related Articles]
- Abd Allah, Khawr
- estuary (khawr) separating Kuwait and Iraq, probably a drowned river mouth of the Shatt (stream) al-Arab, whose mouth is now farther north and forms the southeastern part of the border ...
- Abd ar-Rahman
- sultan of Morocco (1822-59) who was the 24th ruler of the 'Alawi dynasty. His reign was marked by both peaceful and hostile contacts with European powers, particularly France. [1 Related Articles]
- Abd ar-Rahman II
- fourth Umayyad ruler of Muslim Spain who enjoyed a reign (822-852) of brilliance and prosperity, the importance of which has been underestimated by some historians. [1 Related Articles]
- Abd el-Krim
- leader of a resistance movement against Spanish and French rule in North Africa and founder of the short-lived Republic of the Rif (1921-26). A skilled tactician and a capable organizer, ... [6 Related Articles]
- Abd-el-Kerim
- (from the article "Ouaddai") ...to Europeans until after 1873, when it was explored by the German geographer Gustav Nachtigal. The history of Ouaddai before the 17th century is uncertain, but about 1640 a Maba ...
- Abd-us-Samad, Khwaja
- Persian painter who, together with Mir Sayyid 'Ali, was one of the first members of the imperial atelier in India and is thus credited with playing a strong part in ... [3 Related Articles]
- Abdali sultanate
- former semi-independent state in the southern Arabian Peninsula, in what is now Yemen. Located just north of Aden city, it was one of the most important tribal areas of the ...
- Abdallah, Ahmed
- (from the article "Comoros") ...in 1974, but most of the inhabitants of Mayotte favoured continuing French rule. When the National Assembly of France held that each island should decide its own status, Comorian President ...
- Abdallahi, Sidi Ould Cheikh
- (from the article "Mauritania") ...sq km (398,000 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 3,124,000 | Capital: Nouakchott | Chief of state: Chairmen of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy Ely Ould Mohamed Vall ...
- Abdel Aziz Abdallah Salem Trophy
- (from the article "African Cup of Nations") The African Cup of Nations was first held in February 1957 in Khartoum, Sudan, where Egypt defeated the host nation in the final to win the Abdel Aziz Abdallah Salem ...
- Abdel Shafi, Haidar
- Palestinian nationalist was a founding member (1964-65) of the executive committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and a longtime secular voice in negotiations with Israel for Palestinian self-rule. Abdel ...
- Abdelkader
- amir of Mascara (from 1832), the military and religious leader who founded the Algerian state and led the Algerians in their 19th-century struggle against French domination (1840-46). [9 Related Articles]
- Abdella, Ali Said
- (from the article "Eritrea") Eritrean Foreign Minister Ali Said Abdella died of a heart attack in August, before the UN Security Council convened. He was a former military commander in the Eritrean People's Liberation ...
- Abdelmoumen, Melikah
- (from the article "Literature") ...were not idle. Confessional writing, or autofiction, was the order of the day. Marie-Sissi Labreche published La Lune dans un HLM, a harrowing story of mother-daughter relations, and Melikah Abdelmoumen, ...
- Abdera
- in ancient Greece, town on the coast of Thrace near the mouth of the Nestos River. The people of Teos, evacuating Ionia when it was overrun by the Persians under ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abdi-Kheba
- (from the article "Jerusalem") ...Egyptians, are mentioned in the Egyptian Execration Texts (c. 1900-1800 BCE) and again in the 14th-century Tell el-Amarna correspondence, which contains a message from the city's ruler, Abdi-Kheba (Abdu-Heba), requiring ...
- Abdim's stork
- (from the article "migration") Other birds migrate across the Equator to their alternate seasonal grounds. Abdim's stork (Sphenorhynchus abdimii) nests in a belt extending from Senegal to the Red Sea; after the wet season, ...
- abdomen
- (from the article "insect") The abdomen consists of a maximum of 11 segments, although this number commonly is reduced by fusion. Appendages are usually absent except in caterpillars, which use up to five pairs ...
- abdominal aorta
- (from the article "aorta") In the abdominal cavity the aorta gives off a number of branches, which form an extensive network supplying blood to the stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen, small and large intestines, kidneys, ...
- abdominal cavity
- largest hollow space of the body. Its upper boundary is the diaphragm, a sheet of muscle and connective tissue that separates it from the chest cavity; its lower boundary is ... [6 Related Articles]
- abdominal ectopic pregnancy
- (from the article "ectopic pregnancy") Abdominal ectopic pregnancy occurs when the placenta is attached to some part of the peritoneal cavity other than the uterus or tube. While a few of these pregnancies are a ...
- abdominal muscle
- any of the muscles of the anterolateral walls of the abdominal cavity, composed of three flat muscular sheets, from without inward: external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis, supplemented in ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abdor Rahman Khan
- amir of Afghanistan (1880-1901) who played a prominent role in the fierce and long-drawn struggle for power waged by his father and his uncle, A'zam Khan, against his cousin Shir ... [2 Related Articles]
- Abdu Zanga
- (from the article "Keffi") town, western Plateau state, central Nigeria. It was founded about 1800 by Abdu Zanga (Abdullahi), a Fulani warrior from the north who made it the seat of a vassal emirate ...
- abducens nerve
- (from the article "nervous system, human") From its nucleus in the caudal pons, the abducens nerve exits the brainstem at the pons-medulla junction, pierces the dura mater, passes through the cavernous sinus close to the internal ...
- abduction
- (from the article "unidentified flying object") "Contact events," such as abductions, are often associated with UFOs because they are ascribed to extraterrestrial visitors. However, the credibility of the ETH as an explanation for abductions is disputed ...
- abduction
- (from the article "Peirce, Charles Sanders") ...deductive, or mathematical, logic, Peirce was a student primarily of "the logic of science"-i.e., of induction and of what he referred to as "retroduction," or "abduction," the forming and accepting ...
- abduction
- in law, the carrying away of any female for purposes of concubinage or prostitution. The taking of a girl under a designated age for purposes of marriage is in most ... [1 Related Articles]
- abductor muscle
- any of the muscles that cause movement of a limb away from the midplane of the body or away from a neighbouring part or limb (compare adductor muscle), as in ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abduh, Muhammad
- religious scholar, jurist, and liberal reformer, who led the late 19th-century movement in Egypt and other Muslim countries to revitalize Islamic teachings and institutions in the modern world. As mufti ... [7 Related Articles]
- Abdul Kalam, A.P.J.
- Indian scientist and politician, who played a leading role in the development of India's missile and nuclear weapons programs. He was president of India from 2002 to 2007. [8 Related Articles]
- Abdul Rahman
- (from the article "Singapore") ...by the hereditary chief, the temenggong (direct ancestor of the sultans of modern Johor), that the company could purchase land. The temenggong, however, was a subordinate of his cousin Abdul ...
- Abdul Rahman Putra Alhaj, Tunku
- first prime minister of independent Malaya (1957-63) and then of Malaysia (1963-70), under whose leadership the newly formed government was stabilized. [1 Related Articles]
- Abdul Rahman, Tuanku
- first supreme chief of state of the Federation of Malaya. After the declaration of independence from Great Britain in 1957, the tuanku became the first head of state, or paramount ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abdul Razak bin Hussein, Tun Haji
- prime minister, foreign minister, and defense minister of Malaysia from 1970 to 1976.
- Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem
- collegiate and professional basketball player, who as a 7-ft-1.75-in centre dominated the game throughout the 1970s and early '80s. [2 Related Articles]
- Abdulaziz
- Ottoman sultan (1861-76) who continued the westernizing reforms that had been initiated by his predecessors until 1871, after which his reign took an absolutist turn. [8 Related Articles]
- Abdulhak Hamid
- poet and playwright, considered one of the greatest Turkish Romantic writers. He was instrumental in introducing Western influences into Turkish literature. [2 Related Articles]
- Abdulhamid I
- Ottoman sultan from 1774 to 1789 who concluded the war with Russia by signing the humiliating Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca. By the terms of the treaty, Russia obtained the fortresses ...
- Abdulhamid II
- Ottoman sultan from 1876 to 1909, under whose autocratic rule the reform movement of Tanzimat (Reorganization) reached its climax and who adopted a policy of pan-Islamism in opposition to Western ... [12 Related Articles]
- Abdulla, Muhammed Said
- Tanzanian novelist generally regarded as the father of Swahili popular literature. [1 Related Articles]
- Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir
- Malayan-born writer who, through his autobiographical and other works, played an important role as a progenitor of modern Malay literature.
- Abdullah I
- statesman who became the first ruler (1946-51) of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. [7 Related Articles]
- Abdullah II
- king of Jordan from 1999 and a member of the Hashimite dynasty, considered by pious Muslims to be direct descendants of the Prophet Muhammad (see Ahl al-Bayt). [8 Related Articles]
- Abdullah, Sheikh Muhammad
- a prominent figure in India's struggle for independence, who fought for the rights of Kashmir and won for it a semiautonomous status within India.
- Abdullahi dan Fodio
- (from the article "Usman dan Fodio") ...reputation increased, as did the size and importance of the community that looked to him for religious and political leadership. Particularly closely associated with him were his younger brother, Abdullahi, ...
- Abdulmecid I
- Ottoman sultan from 1839 to 1861 who issued two major social and political reform edicts known as the Hatt-i Serif of Gulhane (Noble Edict of the Rose Chamber) in 1839 ... [8 Related Articles]
- Abdulmecid II
- the last caliph and crown prince of the Ottoman dynasty of Turkey. [1 Related Articles]
- Abdurahman, Abdullah
- (from the article "South Africa") ...politically conscious Coloureds and Indians. Their first nationally based organization was the African Political (later People's) Organization, founded in Cape Town in 1902. Under the presidency of Abdullah Abdurahman, this ...
- Abe Isoo
- one of the founders of the Japanese socialist movement and titular head of the Social Mass Party (Shakai Taishuto) from its inception in 1932 until 1940. He is also remembered ...
- Abe Kobo
- Japanese novelist and playwright noted for his use of bizarre and allegorical situations to underline the isolation of the individual. [2 Related Articles]
- Abe Masahiro
- statesman who negotiated the opening of Japan to trade and communication with Western nations after the arrival of Commodore Matthew C. Perry and his U.S. Navy fleet. [1 Related Articles]
- Abe Shinzo
- Japanese politician, who was prime minister of Japan from 2006 to 2007. [6 Related Articles]
- Abe, Kazushige
- (from the article "Literature") For the first half of 2005, the Akutagawa Prize, awarded semiannually to the most promising new Japanese writers of fiction, went to Kazushige Abe's short story "Gurando finare" ("Grand Finale"), ...
- abecedarius
- a type of acrostic in which the first letter of each line of a poem or the first letter of the first word of each stanza taken in order forms ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abeche
- town, eastern Chad, between the wadis Chao and Sao. Historically it was the site of the capital of the Muslim sultanate of Ouaddai (q.v.), which dominated much of the area ...
- Abedi Ayew Pele
- Ghanaian football (soccer) player who was the only man to have won the African Player of the Year award three consecutive times (1991-93). As an attacking midfielder with Olympique de ...
- Abedin, Zainul
- (from the article "Bangladesh") Painting as an independent art form is a relatively recent phenomenon in Bangladesh. The main figure behind the art movement was Zainul Abedin, who first attracted attention with his sketches ...
- Abegg, Richard Wilhelm Heinrich
- physical chemist whose work contributed to the understanding of valence (the capacity of an atom to combine with another atom) in light of the newly discovered presence of electrons within ...
- Abejas phase
- (from the article "Mexico") ...farmers learned to produce hybrids to increase the size of the corn kernels. Avocados, chili peppers, amaranth, zapotes, tepary beans, and squashes were also primitive cultigens. During the Abejas phase ...
- Abel
- in the Old Testament, second son of Adam and Eve, who was slain by his older brother, Cain (Genesis 4:1-16). According to Genesis, Abel, a shepherd, offered the Lord the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Abel Prize
- award granted annually for research in mathematics, in commemoration of the brilliant 19th-century Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel. The Niels Henrik Abel Memorial Fund was ...
- Abel Tasman National Park
- wildlife preserve in northwestern South Island, New Zealand. Established in 1942, it was named for Abel Tasman, the Dutch navigator. With an area of 55,699 acres (22,541 hectares), it extends ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abel, Carl Friedrich
- symphonist of the pre-Classical school and one of the last virtuosos of the viola da gamba.
- Abel, John Jacob
- American pharmacologist and physiological chemist who made important contributions to a modern understanding of the ductless, or endocrine, glands. He isolated adrenaline in the form of a chemical derivative (1897) ...
- Abel, Niels Henrik
- Norwegian mathematician, a pioneer in the development of several branches of modern mathematics. [4 Related Articles]
- Abel, Rudolf
- Soviet intelligence officer, convicted in the United States in 1957 for conspiring to transmit military secrets to the Soviet Union. He was exchanged in 1962 for the American aviator Francis ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abel, Sidney Gerald
- Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. Feb. 22, 1918, Melville, Sask.-d. Feb. 8, 2000, Farmington Hills, Mich.), was a longtime star with the Detroit Red Wings, helping the team ...
- Abel, Sir Frederick Augustus
- English chemist and explosives specialist who, with the chemist Sir James Dewar, invented cordite (1889), later adopted as the standard explosive of the British army. Abel also made studies of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abel, Theodora Mead
- American clinical psychologist and educator who combined sociology and psychology in her work.
- Abelam
- (from the article "art and architecture, Oceanic") The art of the Abelam tribe, which lived in the Prince Alexander Mountains, was tied to a vigorous ceremonial life. It thus presents a far more spectacular scene. Their pyramidal ...
- Abelard, Peter
- French theologian and philosopher best known for his solution of the problem of universals and for his original use of dialectics. He is also known for his poetry and for ... [19 Related Articles]
- Abeles, Sir Peter
- Hungarian-born Australian business executive who immigrated to Australia in 1949 and soon after cofounded Alltrans Pty Ltd., a small transport company with two trucks; by 1999 Alltrans had merged with ...
- Abelian group
- (from the article "mathematics") Examples of groups include the integers with * interpreted as addition and the positive rational numbers with * interpreted as multiplication. An important property shared by some groups but not ...
- Abelian theorem
- (from the article "Abel, Niels Henrik") ...then the world centre for mathematics, where he called on the foremost mathematicians and completed a major paper on the theory of integrals of algebraic functions. His central result, known ...
- Abell, A.S.
- newspaper editor and publisher, and founder, with two other investors, of the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore Sun. [1 Related Articles]
- Abell, Kjeld
- dramatist and social critic, best known outside Denmark for two plays, Melodien der blev vaek (1935; English adaptation, The Melody That Got Lost, 1939) and Anna Sophie Hedvig (1939; Eng. ...
- Abelson, Philip Hauge
- American physical chemist who proposed the gas diffusion process for separating uranium-235 from uranium-238 and in collaboration with the U.S. physicist Edwin Mattison McMillan discovered the element neptunium. [5 Related Articles]
- Abemama Atoll
- coral atoll of the northern Gilbert Islands, part of Kiribati, in the west-central Pacific Ocean. Capt. Charles Bishop, who reached the atoll in 1799, named it Roger Simpson Island for ...
- Abenaki
- Algonquian-speaking North American Indian tribe that united with other tribes in the 17th century to furnish mutual protection against the Iroquois Confederacy. The name refers to their location "toward the ... [8 Related Articles]
- Abenaki Confederacy
- (from the article "Abenaki") ...with other tribes in the 17th century to furnish mutual protection against the Iroquois Confederacy. The name refers to their location "toward the dawn." In its earliest known form, the ...
- Abendmusiken
- (from the article "Buxtehude, Dietrich") ...are their main sources. All are imbued with a devout simplicity that contrasts strongly with the elaborations of their Bachian successors. It is possible that some were written for the ...
- Abengourou
- town, eastern Cote d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), on the road from Abidjan (the national capital) to Ghana. The major trading centre for a productive forest region, it is also the residence ...
- Abenra
- city, southeastern Jutland, Denmark, at the head of Abenra Fjord. First mentioned in the 12th century when attacked by the Wends, it was granted a charter (1335) and grew from ...
- Abenteuerroman
- in German literature, a form of the picaresque novel. The Abenteuerroman is an entertaining story recounting the adventures of the hero, but it often incorporates a serious aspect. An example ...
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