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Ahriman ... air cooling
Ahriman
the evil spirit in the dualistic doctrine of Zoroastrianism. His essential nature is expressed in his principal epithet-Druj, "the Lie." The Lie expresses itself as greed, wrath, and envy. To ... [13 Related Articles]
Ahsa'i, al-
founder of the heterodox Shi'ite Muslim Shaykhi sect of Iran.
Ahtisaari, Martti
Finnish politician and noted mediator who was president of Finland (1994-2000). In 2008 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace for his efforts to resolve international conflicts. [7 Related Articles]
ahu
(from the article "art and architecture, Oceanic") ...The ceremonial ground was a place of worship. It usually took the form of an enclosure (marae), which was raised or walled or in some other way delineated, with a ...
Ahuachapan
city, western El Salvador, on the small Molino River (with a hydroelectric station) at the foot of La Lagunita Volcano. Originally called Gueciapam by the Indians, it was renamed Aguecha ...
Ahuitzotl
eighth king of the Aztecs, under whose reign (1486-1503) the Aztec empire reached its greatest extent.
Ahumada-del Castillo syndrome
(from the article "galactorrhea") ...women, persistent lactation without suckling, which follows upon a recent pregnancy, is called the Chiari-Frommel syndrome. Galactorrhea in a woman who has never been pregnant is termed the Ahumada-del Castillo, ...
Ahuna Vairya
(from the article "Zoroastrianism") ...last 9,000 years-and he offered Ahriman a pact to that effect. After they had created their respective material creations, Ahriman's first attack was defeated by Ormazd with the help of ...
ahupuaa
(from the article "Hawaiian") Hawaiian society's basic unit of land, the ahupuaa, usually extended from the shore to the mountaintop, with rights in the adjoining sea waters, so that the occupants had the means ...
Ahura Mazda
supreme god in ancient Iranian religion, especially in the religious system of the Iranian prophet Zoroaster (7th century-6th century BC). Ahura Mazda was worshiped by the Persian king Darius I ... [26 Related Articles]
Ahurei Bay
(from the article "Tubuai Islands") ...Rurutu in 1769 and Raivavae and Tubuai eight years later. In 1791 George Vancouver sighted the southernmost inhabited island, Rapa, the broken rim of a former volcano curved around the ...
Ahvaz
town, southwestern Iran. Ahvaz is situated on both banks of the Karun River where it crosses a low range of sandstone hills. The town has been identified with Achaemenid Tareiana, ...
Ai
ancient Canaanite town destroyed by the Israelites under their leader Joshua (Joshua 7-8). Biblical references agree in locating Ai (Hebrew: ha-'Ay, "The Ruin") just east of Bethel (modern Baytin in ... [2 Related Articles]
Ai Confini tra Sardegna e Jazz Festival
(from the article "Performing Arts") The 40th anniversary of the cooperative Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians was celebrated in the AACM's Chicago and New York City concerts and at a conference during the ...
Ai Qing
Chinese poet whose free verse was influential in the development of xinshi ("new poetry"). [1 Related Articles]
Ai-lao Mountains
(from the article "Yunnan") The province consists of two distinct regions separated by the Ai-lao Mountains-the canyon region to the west of it and the plateau region to the east. In the canyon region ...
Aiakeia
(from the article "Aeacus") ...tradition became a judge of the dead, together with Minos and Rhadamanthys. His successful prayer to Zeus for rain during a drought was commemorated by a temple at Aegina, where ...
Aianteia
(from the article "Ajax") ...the initial letters of his name, AI, letters that are also expressive of lament. Ajax was the tutelary hero of the island of Salamis, where he had a temple and ...
AIBO
(from the article "robot") ...toys appeared that could speak or move in response to sounds or light. More advanced ones in the 1990s recognized voices and words. In 1999 the Sony Corporation introduced a ...
Aicard, Jean
French poet, novelist, and dramatist, best known for his poems of the Provence region.
Aichbuhl
site of a Middle Neolithic settlement (end of the 3rd millennium BC) on the shores of Lake Feder (Federsee) in southeastern Baden-Wurttemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. Foundations of 25 rectangular ...
Aicher, Otl
(from the article "industrial design") ...of the Hochschule fur Gestaltung in Ulm, or the Ulm Design School (1953-68), which was often considered a successor to the Bauhaus. One of its founders was the typeface designer ...
Aichi
ken (prefecture), central Honshu, Japan, on the Pacific coast. More than half of its area lies within the Nobi Plain and two smaller plains to the east. The northwestern border ...
Aichinger, Gregor
German composer of religious music during the stylistic transition from the late Renaissance to early Baroque.
Aichinger, Ilse
Austrian poet and prose writer whose work, often surreal and presented in the form of parables, reflects her preoccupation with the Nazi persecution of the Jews during World War II.
aid
a tax levied in medieval Europe, paid by persons or communities to someone in authority. Aids could be demanded by the crown from its subjects, by a feudal lord from ...
Aidan
king of the Scottish kingdom of Dalriada. He was the son of Gabran, king of Dalriada. [3 Related Articles]
Aidan, Saint
apostle of Northumbria, monastic founder, first bishop of Lindisfarne, or Holy Island, off the coast of Northumberland. [2 Related Articles]
Aidaraliyev, Iskenderbek
(from the article "Kyrgyzstan") ...Bishkek | Head of state: President Kurmanbek Bakiyev | Head of government (appointed by the president): Prime Ministers Feliks Kulov, Azim Isabekov from January 29, Almazbek Atambayev from March 29, ...
Aidarusi, Sayyid
(from the article "African literature") ...Arabic script was used, but thereafter Latin script became more common and is now standard. The oldest extant epic is the Hamziya (1749), a court poem written ...
aide
(from the article "France") ...tax, or gabelle, which represented nearly one-tenth of royal revenue; the traites, or customs duty, internal and external; and the aides, or excise taxes, ...
aide-de-camp
(French: "camp assistant"), an officer on the personal staff of a general, admiral, or other high-ranking commander who acts as his confidential secretary in routine matters. On Napoleon's staff such ... [1 Related Articles]
Aidi
(from the article "China") In the reigns of Chengdi (33-7 BC), Aidi (7-1 BC), and Pingdi (1 BC-AD 6) the conduct of state affairs and the atmosphere of the court were subject to the ...
Aidi
(from the article "Zhu Wen") ...capital from Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) to Zhu's own residence at Luoyang. In 904 he murdered the emperor and all his sons with the exception of a boy of 13, who ...
Aidoo, Ama Ata
Ghanaian writer whose work, written in English, emphasized the paradoxical position of the modern African woman. [1 Related Articles]
Aidos
(from the article "epic") ...the fate of human beings is not to pass their lives in perpetual banquets or warfare, as did the preceding races, but to suffer constantly the fatigue and misery of ...
AIDS
transmissible disease of the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is a lentivirus (literally meaning "slow virus"; a member of the retrovirus family) that slowly attacks ... [84 Related Articles]
AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power
(from the article "homosexuality") ...and support for its victims through groups such as Gay Men's Health Crisis in New York City. Novelist and playwright Larry Kramer, who believed a more aggressive presence was needed, ...
AIDS Epidemic Update
(from the article "United Nations") HIV continued to be the world's most serious infectious disease. The 2007 AIDS Epidemic Update, using significantly revised and improved epidemiological data and analyses, reported that the percentage of people ...
AIDS-related complex
(from the article "sexual behaviour, human") ...not follow a defined path; instead nonspecific symptoms reflect the myriad effects of a failing immune system. These symptoms are referred to as AIDS-related complex (
Aigai
(from the article "Edessa") The assumption that Edessa was the location of Aigai, the first capital of ancient Macedonia, was seriously challenged by the discovery in 1977 of royal tombs of Macedonian leaders at ...
Aigner, Ladislas
Hungarian-born photojournalist whose use of the then new 35-mm Leica camera made him one of the pioneers in candid news photography in the 1930s and allowed him to capture such ...
aigrette
tuft of long, white heron (usually egret) plumes used as a decorative headdress, or any other ornament resembling such a headdress. Such plumes were highly prized as ornaments in Middle ... [1 Related Articles]
Aigues-Mortes
town, Gard departement, Languedoc-Roussillon region, southeastern France, southwest of Nimes, on the Canal du Rhone a Sete, with its own 3.5-mile (6-km) canal to ...
Aiguillon, Emmanuel-Armand de Richelieu, duc d'
French statesman, whose career illustrates the difficulties of the central government of the ancien regime in dealing with the provincial Parlements and estates, the extent to which powerful ministers were ...
Aigun, Treaty of
(from the article "China") ...Amur; during the third one, in 1856, the left bank and lower reaches of the river had actually been occupied by the Russians. In May 1858 Muravyov pressed the Qing ...
Aiken
county, western South Carolina, U.S. It lies in the state's sandhill region between the North Fork Edisto River to the northeast and the Savannah River border with Georgia to the ...
Aiken
city, seat of Aiken county, western South Carolina, U.S. Aiken lies 16 miles (26 km) northeast of Augusta, Georgia. It was chartered in 1835 and named for the railroad entrepreneur ...
Aiken, Conrad
American Pulitzer Prize-winning poet, short-story writer, novelist, and critic whose works, influenced by early psychoanalytic theory, are concerned largely with the human need for self-awareness and a sense of identity. ... [1 Related Articles]
Aiken, Howard Hathaway
mathematician who invented the Harvard Mark I, forerunner of the modern electronic digital computer. [3 Related Articles]
Aiken, Joan
prolific British author of fantasy, adventure, horror, and suspense tales for both juvenile and adult readers. Perhaps best-known as the inventor of a genre called the "unhistorical romance," Aiken wrote ... [1 Related Articles]
aikido
(Japanese: "way of spiritual harmony"), self-defense system that resembles the fighting methods jujitsu and judo in its use of twisting and throwing techniques and in its aim of turning an ...
Aikin, John
(from the article "Barbauld, Anna Laetitia") The only daughter of John Aikin, she lived from the age of 15 to 30 in Warrington, Lancashire, where her father taught at a Nonconformist Protestant academy. There she was ...
Aikman, Troy
U.S. professional football quarterback Troy Aikman not only led the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL) to three Super Bowl victories (1993, 1994, 1996) but also helped restore ...
Aikoku Koto
(from the article "Eto Shimpei") ...a member of a faction within the Cabinet that advocated a military expedition against Korea. When this idea was rejected, Eto resigned from the Cabinet and helped form a political ...
aileron
movable part of an airplane wing that is controlled by the pilot and permits him to roll the aircraft around its longitudinal axis. Ailerons are thus used primarily to bank ... [2 Related Articles]
ailette
(from the article "military technology") ...this reason, the breastplate was followed shortly by the backplate. From the late 13th century, plate protection spread from the knees and elbows to encompass the extremities; square plates called ...
Ailey, Alvin, Jr.
American dancer, choreographer, and director of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. [1 Related Articles]
Ailly, Pierre d'
French theologian, cardinal, and advocate of church reform whose chief aim was to heal the Great Schism of the Western church (1378-1417). He advocated the doctrine of conciliarism-the subordination of ... [2 Related Articles]
Ailsa Craig
granite islet, South Ayrshire council area, Scotland, at the mouth of the Firth of Clyde and 10 miles (16 km) off the coast of South Ayrshire, to which it belongs. ...
Ailuroedus
(from the article "catbird") The three species of the genus Ailuroedus, of the bowerbird family (Ptilonorhynchidae), are also called catbirds. These green birds occur in Australia, New Guinea, and nearby islands. The male does ...
Ailuropoda
(from the article "bear") 4 species of North America, Asia, and Europe.1 species of central China.
Ailurus
(from the article "bear") 1 species of central China.1 species of the Himalayas and eastern Asia.
AIM-120 AMRAAM
(from the article "rocket and missile system") ...with maximum ranges of six to nine miles; and medium-range missiles, mostly using semiactive radar homing, with maximum ranges of 20 to 25 miles. Representative of the third category was ...
AIM-4 Falcon
(from the article "rocket and missile system") ...the radar-guided, subsonic Firebird was the first U.S. guided air-to-air missile. It was rendered obsolete within a few years by supersonic missiles such as the AIM-4 (for air-intercept missile) Falcon, ...
AIM-54 Phoenix
(from the article "rocket and missile system") ...front of the target aircraft. Driven by the requirements of supersonic combat during the 1960s, the ranges of such missiles as the Sidewinder increased from about two miles to 10-15 ...
AIM-7 Sparrow
(from the article "rocket and missile system") ...(SA-6 Gainful is a designation given by NATO to the Soviet missile system. In this section, missile systems and aircraft of the former Soviet Union are referred to by their ...
AIM-9 Sidewinder
(from the article "rocket and missile system") ...passive homing munitions were "heat-seeking" air-to-air missiles that homed onto the infrared emissions of jet engine exhausts. The first such missile to achieve wide success was the AIM-9 Sidewinder developed ...
aim-point error
(from the article "rocket and missile system") Errors in accuracy for ballistic missiles (and for cruise missiles as well) are generally expressed as launch-point errors, guidance/en-route errors, or aim-point errors. Both launch- and aim-point errors can be ...
Aimard, Gustave
French popular novelist who wrote adventure stories about life on the American frontier and in Mexico. He was the main 19th-century French practitioner of the western novel.
Aimoin
French Benedictine monk whose history of the Franks was highly esteemed in the Middle Ages and the early modern period.
Aimores Mountains
mountainous region divided between the estados (states) of Minas Gerais and Espirito Santo, eastern Brazil, occupying an area of about 3,900 square miles (10,100 square km). The ... [1 Related Articles]
Aimwell School
(from the article "Parrish, Anne") ...employment to poor women in Philadelphia. It was the first charitable organization for women in the United States. The following year she founded a school for needy girls that was ...
Ain
(from the article "Rhone-Alpes") region of France encompassing the southeastern departements of Loire, Rhone, Ain, Haute-Savoie, Savoie, Isere, Drome, and Ardeche. Rhone-Alpes is bounded by the
Ain Beida
town, northeastern Algeria. It is situated on a plateau at the eastern edge of the Setif plains. The plateau, once occupied by a large lake, now has several shallow depressions ...
Ain Bessem
(from the article "Bouira") The surrounding region is encompassed by the ranges and valleys of the Tell Atlas. Although it is principally a region of olive and cereal cultivation, there are also vineyards near ...
Ain el-Hanech
(from the article "North Africa") Although there is uncertainty about some factors, Ain el-Hanech (in Algeria) is the site of one of the earliest traces of hominin occupation in the Maghrib. Somewhat later but better-attested ...
Ain River
river, eastern France, flowing 124 miles (200 km) southward from the Jura Plateau through Jura and Ain departements. The river emerges from its gorge near Pont-d'Ain, having powered several hydroelectric ... [1 Related Articles]
Ain Sefra
town, western Algeria. It is situated in the Saharan Atlas, 28 miles (45 km) east of the Moroccan border. The town lies in a broad valley between Mount Aissa and ...
Ain Temouchent
town, northwestern Algeria, on the right bank of the Wadi Sennene. The town is bounded on the south by the Wadi Temouchent, with the Tessala Mountains in the background. Built ...
ainame
(from the article "greenling") ...mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius), a banded, black and yellow fish valued for food and sport; the lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), a large, predatory North Pacific species; and the ainame (Hexagrammos otakii), a ...
Ainoid
(from the article "Heilungkiang") ...prehistoric population of the region appears to have consisted of people who bred pigs and horses; known as Tungids, they occupied much of northeastern Asia. Stone Age fishermen, the Sibirids ...
Ainsworth, Henry
Nonconformist theologian, Hebrew scholar, and a leader of the English Separatist colony in Amsterdam.
Ainsworth, William Harrison
English author of popular historical romances.
Ainu
indigenous people of Hokkaido, Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands who were culturally and physically distinct from their Japanese neighbours until the second part of the 20th century. The Ainu may ... [6 Related Articles]
Ainu language
(from the article "Ainu") ...Ainu may be descendants of an indigenous population once widely spread over northern Asia; many contemporary Ainu claim some connection to Japan's prehistoric Jomon culture. The traditional Ainu language, an ...
Aiora
(from the article "Erigone") ...Icarius, Erigone, and Maera were set among the stars as Bootes (or Arcturus), Virgo, and Procyon (Canis Minor, the Lesser Dog); to propitiate Icarius and Erigone, the festival called Aiora ...
air
mixture of gases comprising the Earth's atmosphere. The mixture contains a group of gases of nearly constant concentrations and a group with concentrations that are variable in both space and ... [22 Related Articles]
air
(from the article "surfing") ...the board along the top of a breaking wave), "reverses" (rapid changes of direction), 360s (turning the board through 360 degrees on the face of the wave), and "airs" (flying ...
Air America
(from the article "Media and Publishing") Air America, a new liberal radio network intended to counter the prevailing right-wing themes of American talk radio, signed on in March 2004 with comic Al Franken as its marquee ...
Air Atlanta Icelandic
(from the article "Iceland") ...important internally in compensating for the limited road system. Keflavik International Airport, the country's primary gateway, is located about 30 miles (48 km) west of Reykjavik. Air Atlanta Icelandic, a ...
air bag
(from the article "microelectromechanical system") ...but it took nearly two decades to establish the design and manufacturing infrastructure needed for their commercial development. One of the first products with a large market was the automobile ...
air base
(from the article "logistics") ...technology of movement, especially by air and sea. During the 1950s the proponents of naval and land-based air power debated the relative cost and effectiveness of naval-carrier forces and fixed ...
Air Botswana
(from the article "Botswana") Constitutional tension continued between presidentialism and the vestiges of parliamentary sovereignty. The parliament stalled the presidential cabinet's privatization of Air Botswana on the grounds that the airline had been established ...
air brake
either of two kinds of braking systems. The first, used by railroad trains, trucks, and buses, operates by a piston driven by compressed air from reservoirs connected to brake cylinders. ... [3 Related Articles]
Air Canada
airline established by the Canadian Parliament in the Trans-Canada Air Lines Act of April 10, 1937. Known for almost 28 years as Trans-Canada Air Lines, it assumed its current name ... [1 Related Articles]
air chilling
(from the article "poultry processing") Air chilling is the standard in Europe. The carcasses are hung by shackles and moved through coolers with rapidly moving air. The process is less energy-efficient than water chilling, and ...
Air Commerce Act
(from the article "flight, history of") ...a considerable clientele, the Post Office yielded to congressional pressures and, with the Contract Air Mail Act of 1925, turned over the mail service to private contractors. The following year, ...
air conduction
(from the article "ear, human") The outer ear directs sound waves from the external environment to the tympanic membrane (Figure 1). The auricle, the visible portion of the outer ear, collects sound waves and, with ...
air cooling
(from the article "automotive industry") ...producing one-half of West Germany's motor vehicles and had established a strong position in the world market. Breaking away from what had become standard design, the Volkswagen used a four-cylinder ...
air cooling
(from the article "vegetable farming") ...over a stack of packages to precool the contents. The vacuum cooling process produces rapid evaporation of a small quantity of water, lowering the temperature of the crop to the ...