| | - aesthetic experience
- (from the article "aesthetics") 2. A philosophical study of certain states of mind-responses, attitudes, emotions-that are held to be involved in aesthetic experience. Thus, in the seminal work of modern aesthetics Kritik der Urteilskraft ...
- aesthetic judgment
- (from the article "aesthetics") ...called it the antinomy of taste. As an exercise of reason, he argued, aesthetic experience must inevitably tend toward a reasoned choice and therefore must formulate itself as a judgment. ...
- aesthetic object
- (from the article "aesthetics") 3. The philosophical study of the aesthetic object. This approach reflects the view that the problems of aesthetics exist primarily because the world contains a special class of objects toward ...
- Aestheticism
- late 19th-century European arts movement which centred on the doctrine that art exists for the sake of its beauty alone, and that it need serve no political, didactic, or other ... [9 Related Articles]
- aesthetics
- the philosophical study of beauty and taste. To define its subject matter more precisely is, however, immensely difficult. Indeed, it could be said that self-definition has been the major task ... [37 Related Articles]
- Aeterni Patris
- an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII on Aug. 4, 1879, which strengthened the position of the philosophical system of the medieval Scholastic philosopher-theologian St. Thomas Aquinas and soon made ... [2 Related Articles]
- Aethelbald
- king of the Mercians from 716, who became the chief king of a confederation including all the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms between the River Humber and the English Channel. His predominance was ... [2 Related Articles]
- Aethelbald
- king of Wessex (from 855/856), the son of Aethelwulf, with whom he led the West Saxons to victory against the Danes at Aclea (851). He reportedly rebelled against his father ...
- Aethelberg
- (from the article "Eadbald") ...his father's widow. After his subsequent conversion by Laurentius, archbishop of Canterbury, he built a church in Canterbury dedicated to the Virgin Mary. He arranged a marriage between his sister ...
- Aethelberht
- king of the West Saxons, or Wessex, who succeeded to the subkingdom of Kent during the lifetime of his father Aethelwulf and retained it until the death of his elder ...
- Aethelberht I
- king of Kent (560-616) who issued the first extant code of Anglo-Saxon laws. Reflecting some continental influence, the code established the legal position of the clergy and instituted many secular ... [7 Related Articles]
- Aethelflaed
- Anglo-Saxon ruler of Mercia in England and founder of Gloucester Abbey. [3 Related Articles]
- Aethelfrith
- king of Bernicia (from 592/593) and of Deira, which together formed Northumbria. [4 Related Articles]
- Aetheling
- in Anglo-Saxon England, generally any person of noble birth. Use of the term was usually restricted to members of a royal family, and in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle it is used ...
- Aethelred
- king of Mercia, who was a benefactor of many churches in his several provinces and at last retired to a monastery. [1 Related Articles]
- Aethelred I
- king of Wessex and of Kent (865/866-871), son of Aethelwulf of Wessex. [2 Related Articles]
- Aethelweard
- English chronicler and likely ealderman of the western provinces (probably the whole of Wessex), a descendant of King Alfred's brother Aethelred. He wrote, in elaborate and peculiar Latin, a chronicle ...
- Aethelwold
- (from the article "English literature") ...of the mid- to late 10th century is associated with the Benedictine Reform, a movement that sought to impose order and discipline on a monastic establishment that was thought to ...
- Aethelwulf
- Anglo-Saxon king in England, the father of King Alfred the Great. As ruler of the West Saxons from 839 to 856, he allied his kingdom of Wessex with Mercia and ... [4 Related Articles]
- Aether
- (from the article "Chaos") ...of Hesiod. First there was Chaos in Hesiod's system, then Gaea and Eros (Earth and Desire). Chaos, however, did not generate Gaea; the offspring of Chaos were Erebus (Darkness) and ...
- Aetherius Society
- (from the article "New Religious Movement") ...be a contactee), argued that UFOs carried beings who had come to Earth to promote world peace and personal development. The Amalgamated Flying Saucer Clubs of America, led by Gabriel ...
- Aethra
- in Greek mythology, daughter of King Pittheus of Troezen and mother of Theseus. Thinking to help fulfill the prophecy of the Oracle at Delphi regarding how the childlessness of King ...
- Aetius
- Syrian bishop and heretic who, during the theological controversies over the Christian Trinity, founded the extreme Arian sect of the Anomoeans (q.v.). His name became a byword for radical heresy. [2 Related Articles]
- Aetius, Flavius
- Roman general and statesman who was the dominating influence over Valentinian III (emperor 425-455). [7 Related Articles]
- Aetna
- (from the article "Offshoring") ...Electric Corp. offshored about 70% of its technology needs; Motorola was increasing the staff in its technology research operations in Beijing, while Intel was doing the same in Russia. Aetna ...
- Aetolia
- district of ancient Greece, located directly north of the Gulf of Corinth and bounded by Epirus (north), Locris (east), and Acarnania (west). In modern Greece, Aetolia is linked with Acarnania ...
- Aetolian League
- federal state or "sympolity" of Aetolia, in ancient Greece. Probably based on a looser tribal community, it was well-enough organized to conduct negotiations with Athens in 367 BC. It became ... [2 Related Articles]
- Aextoxicaceae
- (from the article "Berberidopsidales") small order of woody evergreen dicotyledonous plants, made up of two families (Berberidopsidaceae and Aextoxicaceae) containing a total of four species, found only in Chile and Australia. It is one ...
- Aextoxicum punctatum
- (from the article "Berberidopsidales") Aextoxicaceae contains only one genus with one species, Aextoxicum punctatum, a rare evergreen tree from Chile. The plant is covered by scales, and the leaves are more or less opposite. ...
- Afanasev, Aleksandr Nikolayevich
- historian and scholar of Russian folklore known for his compilation of Russian folktales.
- Afanasyev, Viktor Grigoryevich
- Russian journalist (b. Nov. 18, 1922, Aktamysh, Tatar A.S.S.R., Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic--d. April 10, 1994, Moscow, Russia), as deputy editor (1968-74) and editor in chief (1976-89) of the ...
- Afanasyevskaya culture
- (from the article "Central Asian arts") ...of the Yenisey River, especially in the Minusinsk Basin, where metallurgy developed early. They testify to the existence of three main, basically successive, yet often overlapping cultures: the Afanasyevskaya, Andronovo, ...
- afaqi
- (from the article "India") ...the invitation of Sultan Muhammad I, and there they had a strong influence on the development of Muslim culture during subsequent generations. The new settlers (afaqis) also ...
- Afar
- a people of the Horn of Africa who speak Saho, a language of the Eastern Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic (formerly Hamito-Semitic) family. They live in northeastern Ethiopia and in ... [6 Related Articles]
- Afar language
- (from the article "Ethiopia") The most important Cushitic languages are Oromo, Somali, and Afar. Oromo, together with Amharic, is one of the two most-spoken languages in Ethiopia; it is native to the western, southwestern, ...
- Afar Triangle
- (from the article "continental landform") ...of climatic regimes. The Kamchatka Peninsula in the far eastern part of Siberia is said to have more than 100 active volcanoes. Not surprisingly its terrain is dominated by volcanic ...
- Afdal, al-
- (from the article "Fatimid Dynasty") ...and worldly weapons. In Syria, however, the armies of the Fatimids suffered repeated defeats; in Arabia their following was reduced to insignificance. Badr's son and successor al-Afdal in effect renounced ...
- Afemai
- (from the article "African dance") The type of mask influences the style of the masquerade dance. The Ikpelweme ancestral masqueraders of the Afemai people of Bendel State, Nigeria, wear richly coloured, close-fitting costumes with face ...
- Affair of the Diamond Necklace
- scandal at the court of Louis XVI in 1785 that discredited the French monarchy on the eve of the French Revolution. It began as an intrigue on the part of ... [3 Related Articles]
- Affandi
- (from the article "Southeast Asian arts") ...of old crafts-silverwork, for example. A number of artists adapted Westernized figure drawing to their own decorative compositions. The best known painter of Indonesia is the Javanese Affandi. He used ...
- affections, doctrine of the
- theory of musical aesthetics, widely accepted by late Baroque theorists and composers, that embraced the proposition that music is capable of arousing a variety of specific emotions within the listener. ...
- affective disorder
- mental disorder characterized by dramatic changes or extremes of mood. Affective disorders may include manic (elevated, expansive, or irritable mood with hyperactivity, pressured speech, and inflated self-esteem) or depressive (dejected ... [3 Related Articles]
- affective faculty
- (from the article "mind, philosophy of") Man has not only the capacity to know but also the capacity to respond emotionally to what he knows. A man may not only believe that some event will occur, ...
- affective fallacy
- according to the followers of New Criticism, the misconception that arises from judging a poem by the emotional effect that it produces in the reader. The concept of affective fallacy ...
- affective memory
- (from the article "Ribot, Theodule-Armand") ...psychology. His published works on the subject, in addition to Diseases of Memory, included studies of diseases of will, personality, and attention. In later years Ribot became interested in affective ...
- affector
- (from the article "stereotyped response") ...responses such as the immediate withdrawal of the hand on touching a hot surface. The basic components of the reflex arc are the receptor, or sensory-nerve cell, which senses the ...
- Affenkapelle ware
- (German: "Monkey Orchestra"), a series of figures created by the Meissen porcelain factory in Saxony (now in Germany) about 1747 and imitated later. Believed to be a parody of the ...
- affenpinscher
- breed of toy dog known since the 17th century. It is thought to have originated in Germany, where it was bred to be a ratter-to kill rats, mice, and other ...
- afferent arteriole
- (from the article "renal system") ...branch off from the arcuate arteries and radiate out through the cortex to end in networks of capillaries in the region just inside the capsule. En route they give off ...
- afferent impulse
- (from the article "nervous system") ...cell of the inner ear or a taste cell, which stimulates adjacent neurons.) The stimulus is modified, or transduced, into an electrical impulse in the receptor neuron. This incoming excitation, ...
- afferent nerve
- (from the article "sexual behaviour, human") ...system and the peripheral nervous system. The brain and spinal cord constitute the central system, while the peripheral system is composed of (1) the cerebrospinal nerves that go to the ...
- afferent nerve fibre
- (from the article "respiration, human") The pleurae, the airways, and the vessels are innervated by afferent and efferent fibres of the autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerve fibres from the vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) and ...
- affidavit
- a written statement of fact made voluntarily, confirmed by the oath or affirmation of the party making it, and signed before a notary or other officer empowered to administer such ...
- affination
- (from the article "sugar") Affination is the mingling of raw sugar with a warm, heavy syrup, which removes the molasses coating from the sugar crystal. The syrup and crystals are separated in a spinning ...
- affination
- (from the article "silver processing") ...alloys of less than 30 percent gold by boiling with 30-percent-strength nitric acid in a process referred to as parting. Boiling with concentrated sulfuric acid to separate silver and gold ...
- affinity
- (from the article "drug") ...Receptor-mediated drug effects involve two distinct processes: binding, which is the formation of the drug-receptor complex, and receptor activation, which moderates the effect. The term affinity describes the tendency of ...
- affinity
- (from the article "Australian Aborigine") ...flouting of kinship conventions brought censure, since it threatened the social structure. Children were not bound by such rules and did not normally begin to observe them until early adolescence. ...
- affinity chromatography
- (from the article "chromatography") A technique exhibiting great selectivity, affinity chromatography, was first described by Pedro Cuatrecasas and his coworkers in 1968. In these separations, a biomolecule such as an enzyme binds to a ...
- affinity number
- (from the article "Avogadro, Amedeo") ...elements in the order of their chemical reactivities. Mathematically dividing an element's affinity for heat by that of his selected standard, oxygen, resulted in what he termed the element's "affinity ...
- affirmation
- in law, a promise by a witness concerning testimony allowed in place of an oath to those who cannot, because of conscience, swear an oath. For example, members of the ...
- affirmation of the consequent
- (from the article "applied logic") ..."If George is a man of good faith, he can be entrusted with this office; but George is not a man of good faith; therefore, George cannot be entrusted with ...
- affirmative action
- in the United States, an active effort to improve employment or educational opportunities for members of minority groups and for women. Affirmative action began as a government remedy to the ... [6 Related Articles]
- affirmative covenant
- (from the article "servitude") Covenants are used in contemporary land development for a wide variety of purposes. They include affirmative covenants, which require the landowner to make payments, provide services, or render some other ...
- affirmative defense
- (from the article "procedural law") ...of proof, therefore, rests upon the prosecution. On the Continent, this is true even in cases involving insanity, drunkenness, self-defense, or necessity. Anglo-American law regards these as "affirmative defenses" and ...
- affirmative easement
- (from the article "property law") An easement in Anglo-American law is a privilege to do something on the land of another or to do something on one's own land that would otherwise be actionable by ...
- affirmative proposition
- (from the article "logic") ...Many arguments are composed of premises and conclusions that are stated or could be restated as categorical propositions. Categorical propositions may be distinguished first by their quality, either affirmative or ...
- affirming the consequent
- (from the article "thought") Two other kinds of inference that are sometimes drawn from conditional propositions are not logically justified. In one such fallacy, "affirming the consequent," the categorical proposition affirms the consequent of ...
- affix
- a grammatical element that is combined with a word, stem, or phrase to produce derived and inflected forms. There are three types of affixes: prefixes, infixes, and suffixes. A prefix ... [7 Related Articles]
- Affleck, Ben
- (from the article "International Film Awards 2006") As Damon's acting career met with success, he also pursued screenwriting. With longtime friend Ben Affleck, he developed the script for Good Will Hunting (1997). The film-based ...
- Affleck, Thomas
- American cabinetmaker considered to be outstanding among the Philadelphia craftsmen working in the Chippendale style during the 18th century. Affleck is especially noted for the elaborately carved forms produced by ...
- Affolle Anticline
- (from the article "Mauritania") ...centre is the vast synclinal basin of Taoudeni, bounded by the Adrar, Tagant, and 'Acaba plateaus. The basin is scarcely indented to the south by the Hodh Depression, with the ...
- affranchi
- (from the article "Haiti") ...population of 556,000, including roughly 500,000 African slaves-a hundredfold increase over the previous century-32,000 European colonists, and 24,000 affranchis (free mulattoes or blacks). Haitian society was deeply ...
- Affre, Denis-Auguste
- prelate, archbishop of Paris, and opponent of King Louis-Philippe, remembered for his brave attempt to end the June 1848 riots, in which he was accidentally slain.
- affreightment
- contract for carriage of goods by water, "freight" being the price paid for the service of carriage. Such contracts are of immense importance to the world economy, forming the legal ...
- affricate
- a consonant sound that begins as a stop (sound with complete obstruction of the breath stream) and concludes with a fricative (sound with incomplete closure and a sound of friction). ... [3 Related Articles]
- Afghan carpet
- thick, heavy floor covering handwoven by Turkmen craftsmen in Afghanistan and adjacent parts of Uzbekistan. While most of the weavers could be broadly labeled Ersari Turkmen, rugs are also woven ...
- Afghan hound
- breed of dog developed as a hunter in the hill country of Afghanistan. It was once thought to have originated several thousand years ago in Egypt, but there is no ... [1 Related Articles]
- Afghan interlude
- (1722-30), period in Iranian history that began with the Afghan conquest of Iran and ended with the defeat and death of the Afghan ruler Ashraf. [1 Related Articles]
- Afghan Kohistan
- (from the article "Kohistan") Afghan Kohistan (Kuhestan), in part highly cultivated, lies north-northeast of Kabul and extends to the Hindu Kush (mountains).
- Afghan Revolutionary Council
- (from the article "Afghanistan") ...The Grand Assembly (Loya Jirga) adopted a new constitution in February 1977, but it was abrogated in 1978 when another coup established the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, governed by the ...
- Afghan War
- in the history of Afghanistan, the internal conflict (1978-92) between anticommunist Muslim guerrillas and the Afghan communist government (aided in 1979-89 by Soviet troops). More broadly, the term also encompasses ... [16 Related Articles]
- Afghanistan
- landlocked, multiethnic country located in the heart of south-central Asia. Lying along important trade routes connecting southern and eastern Asia to Europe and the Middle East, Afghanistan has long been ... [100 Related Articles]
- Afghanistan Compact
- (from the article "United Nations") ...had increased by 50%. In this context the Security Council extended the mandate of the ISAF through October 2007. In late November 2006 the UN General Assembly gave its support ...
- Afghanistan, Bank of
- (from the article "Afghanistan") The largest bank in the country, the Bank of Afghanistan, became the centre of the formal banking system. It formerly played an important role in determining and implementing the country's ...
- Afghanistan, flag of
- vertically striped black-red-green national flag with a central coat of arms. Its width-to-length ratio is 1 to 2.
- Afghanistan, history of
- (from the article "Afghanistan") Variations on the word Afghan may be as old as a 3rd-century-AD Sasanian reference to "Abgan." The earliest Muslim reference to the Afghans probably dates to 982, but tribes related ...
- afibrinogenemia
- (from the article "blood disease") Afibrinogenemia, or hypofibrinogenemia, refers to a reduction in the amount of the clotting factor fibrinogen in the blood. This is seen in rare instances as an inherited disorder, but more ...
- afin
- (from the article "Ile-Ife") In the centre of modern Ile-Ife is the Afin ("palace") of the present oni, the spiritual head of the Yoruba people, who has custody of the sacred staff of Oranmiyan ...
- AFL Grand Final
- (from the article "AFL Grand Final") The league's championship, known as the Grand Final, began in 1898 and starting in 1904 was held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG). It became, after the Melbourne Cup horse ...
- Aflaq, Michel
- social and political leader who played a major role in the Arab nationalist movement during and after World War II. [2 Related Articles]
- aflatoxin
- (from the article "Reye syndrome") Reye syndrome commonly occurs during recovery from a viral illness, but it can also occur following aflatoxin or warfarin poisoning. It has also been associated with the use of aspirin ...
- Afleet Alex
- (from the article "Equestrian Sports") ...Derby by rallying from far back under jockey Mike Smith to prevail by a length over Closing Argument and paying $102.60 to win. (Donerail paid $184.90 in 1913.) After finishing ...
- Afolabi, S. A.
- (from the article "Literature") ...continent's most prominent dramatist, made the news when his first and perhaps most famous play, The Lion and the Jewel (1963), was performed at the Barbican Theatre in London. His ...
- Afonso I
- ruler of Kongo (historical kingdom in west-central Africa) and the first of a line of Portuguese vassal kings that lasted until the early 20th century. He is sometimes called "The ... [2 Related Articles]
- Afonso I
- the first king of Portugal (1139-85), who conquered Santarem and Lisbon from the Muslims (1147) and secured Portuguese independence from Leon (1139). [5 Related Articles]
- Afonso II
- the third king of Portugal (1211-23), under whom the reconquest of the south from the Muslims was continued. [1 Related Articles]
- Afonso III
- fifth king of Portugal (1248-79), who supplanted his brother, King Sancho II, and completed the reconquest of the Algarve from the Muslims. [3 Related Articles]
- Afonso IV
- seventh king of Portugal (1325-57). [4 Related Articles]
- Afonso V
- 10th king of Portugal (1438-81), known as the African from his campaigns in Morocco. [10 Related Articles]
- Afonso VI
- king of Portugal, whose reign was marked by internal disputes between his partisans and those of his brother Pedro. [3 Related Articles]
- Afram River
- river, in southern Ghana, western Africa. It rises 16 miles (26 km) northwest of Mampong and flows southeast into Lake Volta (formerly the Afram was a tributary of the Volta ...
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