| | - Addison disease
- rare disorder defined by destruction of the outer layer of the adrenal glands, the hormone-producing organs located just above the kidneys. [7 Related Articles]
- Addison, Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount, Baron Addison Of Stallingborough
- British surgeon and statesman who was prominent in both Liberal and Labour governments between the wars and after World War II.
- Addison, John Mervyn
- British composer who specialized for more than 40 years in writing effective, lightly orchestrated scores for motion pictures and television programs and incidental music for the theatre. Among Addison's most ... [1 Related Articles]
- Addison, Joseph
- English essayist, poet, and dramatist, who, with Richard Steele, was a leading contributor to and guiding spirit of the periodicals The Tatler and The ... [11 Related Articles]
- Addison, Thomas
- English physician after whom Addison's disease, a metabolic dysfunction caused by atrophy of the adrenal cortex, and Addison's (pernicious) anemia were named. He was the first to correlate a set ...
- addition
- (from the article "Field axioms") ...objects. The number c is called the sum of a and b; and each of the latter is called a summand. The operation of forming the sum is called addition, ...
- addition polyimide
- (from the article "industrial polymers, major") ...rings coupled by imide linkages-that is, linkages in which two carbonyl (CO) groups are attached to the same nitrogen (N) atom. There are two categories of these polymers, condensation and ...
- addition polymer
- (from the article "surface coating") Step-growth polymers include polyesters, epoxies, polyurethanes, polyamides, melamine, and phenolic resins. They are formed most often by reactions between two dissimilar monomers-acids and alcohols in the case of polyesters. This ...
- addition polymerization
- (from the article "polymerization") Two classes of polymerization usually are distinguished. In condensation polymerization, each step of the process is accompanied by formation of a molecule of some simple compound, often water. In addition ...
- addition reaction
- any of a class of chemical reactions in which an atom or group of atoms is added to a molecule. [9 Related Articles]
- Additional Act
- (from the article "Maria II") ...to reinstate an earlier, more democratic constitution. The conflict was not resolved until Saldanha, at the head of the reform movement known as the Regeneration, modified the Charter with the ...
- additional-member system
- (from the article "New Zealand") The New Zealand election on Sept. 17, 2005, broke new constitutional ground as mixed member proportional (MMP) voting returned 121 members of Parliament, an increase of one from the previously ...
- additive
- (from the article "electrochemical reaction") A converse process is the smoothing of the original surface irregularities, which may occur when some foreign species, called an additive, is present in solution and adsorbs on the surface ...
- additive
- (from the article "fibre, man-made") In order to achieve certain desirable fibre properties that cannot be obtained by polymers alone or to overcome certain deficiencies of polymers, various additives are mixed into polymer melts or ...
- additive colour film
- (from the article "photography, technology of") These are simpler in structure and consist, in addition to protective and other interlayers, of a film base, carrying a filter raster, and a black-and-white emulsion layer. The raster consists ...
- additive mixture
- (from the article "colour") ...sequence. According to some estimates, the eye can distinguish some 10 million colours, all of which derive from two types of light mixture: additive and subtractive. As the names imply, ...
- additive synthesis
- (from the article "music synthesizer") ...a signal containing a fundamental tone and all related overtones (sawtooth-wave signals). The harmonic-tone generator developed by James Beauchamp at the University of Illinois, in contrast, used additive synthesis-building tones ...
- additive variation
- (from the article "animal breeding") Although no complete knowledge of the genetic makeup of any breed of livestock exists yet, genetic variations can be used for improving stock. Researchers partition total genetic variation into additive, ...
- additivity relationship
- (from the article "industrial glass") Because glass generally acts as if it were a solution, many of its properties can be estimated by applying what are known as additivity relationships over a narrow range of ...
- Addo Elephant National Park
- national park in Eastern province, South Africa. It has an area of 208 square miles (540 square km) and consists of two sections connected by a corridor. The southern part ... [1 Related Articles]
- address electrode
- (from the article "television") ...electrodes, running at right angles to the electrodes on the front plate. A plasma cell, or subpixel, occurs at the intersection of a pair of transparent sustain and discharge electrodes ...
- adduct
- (from the article "acid-base reaction") In the reaction of a Lewis acid with a base the essential process is the formation of an adduct in which the two species are joined by a covalent bond; ...
- adductor brevis muscle
- (from the article "adductor muscle") ...that draw a part of the body toward its median line or toward the axis of an extremity (compare abductor muscle), particularly three powerful muscles of the human thigh-adductor longus, ...
- adductor hallucis muscle
- (from the article "adductor muscle") Other muscles named for this function include the adductor pollicis, which draws in and opposes the thumb, and the adductor hallucis, which acts on the great toe.
- adductor longus muscle
- (from the article "adductor muscle") ...of the muscles that draw a part of the body toward its median line or toward the axis of an extremity (compare abductor muscle), particularly three powerful muscles of the ...
- adductor magnus muscle
- (from the article "adductor muscle") ...body toward its median line or toward the axis of an extremity (compare abductor muscle), particularly three powerful muscles of the human thigh-adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus. Originating ...
- adductor muscle
- any of the muscles that draw a part of the body toward its median line or toward the axis of an extremity (compare abductor muscle), particularly three powerful muscles of ... [4 Related Articles]
- adductor pollicis muscle
- (from the article "adductor muscle") Other muscles named for this function include the adductor pollicis, which draws in and opposes the thumb, and the adductor hallucis, which acts on the great toe.
- Ade, George
- American playwright and humorist whose Fables in Slang summarized the kind of wisdom accumulated by the country boy in the city.
- Ade, King Sunny
- (from the article "world music") ...especially African music, which for a time was virtually synonymous with world music. The clearest sign of the growing interest in African music was the success of Nigerian juju bandleader ...
- Adeang, David
- (from the article "Nauru") ...unable to pass the budget because neither the government nor the opposition (each with nine seats) was prepared to lose a vote by nominating a speaker. In late May the ...
- Adela
- daughter of William I the Conqueror of England and mother of Stephen, king of England, whose right to the throne derived through her. [1 Related Articles]
- Adelaer
- Norwegian-born seaman and naval officer, distinguished in both Venetian and Danish naval history.
- Adelaide
- city and capital of the state of South Australia. Situated at the base of the Mount Lofty Ranges, 9 miles (14 km) inland from the centre of the eastern shore ... [4 Related Articles]
- Adelaide Festival
- (from the article "South Australia") The Adelaide Festival, held in March every two years since 1960, is a major cultural event that draws crowds of hundreds of thousands. The festival has been instrumental in bringing ...
- Adelaide Festival Centre
- (from the article "South Australia") ...art, including one of the finest collections of Southeast Asian ceramics. The Adelaide Symphony Orchestra gives regular concerts, especially in the refurbished 19th-century Adelaide Town Hall. The Adelaide Festival Centre, ...
- Adelaide Geosyncline
- (from the article "Australia") On the southeastern extremity of the shield, the Flinders-Mount Lofty ranges occupy the site of the Adelaide downwarp in the Earth's surface. These sediments were folded and faulted, principally in ...
- Adelaide Range
- (from the article "Australia") The development of the late Proterozoic Adelaidean province, the other Precambrian succession to be described here, was within a sialic basement. The Adelaidean succession crops out in the region of ...
- Adelaide River
- river in northwestern Northern Territory, Australia, rising in the hills west of Brock's Creek and flowing (with marked summer increases in volume) for 110 miles (180 km) northeastward to Adam ...
- Adelaide Symphony Orchestra
- (from the article "South Australia") The Art Gallery of South Australia in Adelaide houses collections of Australian, European, and Asian art, including one of the finest collections of Southeast Asian ceramics. The Adelaide Symphony Orchestra ...
- Adelaide, Saint
- consort of the Western emperor Otto I and, later, regent for her grandson Otto III; one of the most influential women of 10th-century Europe, she helped strengthen the German church ... [3 Related Articles]
- Adelaide, University of
- (from the article "Selected universities and colleges of the world") ...from the basic trade apprentice to technical and paraprofessional levels. Professional and research-focused education at a higher level is provided at three institutions. The centrally situated University of Adelaide, established ...
- Adelaidean Province
- (from the article "Australia") The development of the late Proterozoic Adelaidean province, the other Precambrian succession to be described here, was within a sialic basement. The Adelaidean succession crops out in the region of ...
- adelantado
- (Spanish: "one who goes before"), representative of the kings of Castile (Spain) who in the early European Middle Ages headed military expeditions and, from the reign of Ferdinand III (1217-52) ... [1 Related Articles]
- Adelard Of Bath
- English Scholastic philosopher and early interpreter of Arabic scientific knowledge. [1 Related Articles]
- Adelfi
- (from the article "Italy") ...to compromise with the absolute monarchs. They had distrusted democrats and republicans who sought to achieve Italian unification by political revolution and force of arms. Among these were the Adelfi, ...
- Adelie Coast
- part of the coast of Wilkes Land in eastern Antarctica, extending from Claire Coast (west) to George V Coast (east). The region is an ice-covered plateau rising from the Indian ... [1 Related Articles]
- Adelie penguin
- (from the article "Antarctica") ...supply operations to the U.S. and New Zealand research stations located on Ross Island, caused sea ice in McMurdo Sound to reach record thicknesses, and disturbed the breeding habits of ...
- Adelphi
- (from the article "Adam, Robert") In 1768 Robert and James Adam leased a site on the River Thames for a speculative development to be known as the Adelphi (it was almost totally destroyed in 1936). ...
- Adelphi University
- private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Garden City, New York, U.S. Adelphi is a liberal arts college serving Long Island, with branch campuses in Manhattan and Huntington. It offers ...
- Adelphia Communications Corporation
- (from the article "Law, Crime, and Law Enforcement") ...nine counts, involving conspiracy, securities fraud, and filing false reports with regulators. Ebbers was sentenced in July to 25 years in prison. In June John Rigas, the founder and former ...
- adelphic polyandry
- (from the article "polyandry") ...polys, "many," and aner, andros, "man." When the husbands in a polyandrous marriage are brothers or are said to be brothers, the institution is called adelphic, or fraternal, polyandry. Polygyny, ...
- Adelung, Johann Christoph
- one of the most influential German-language scholars before Jacob Grimm. His grammars, dictionary, and works on style helped to standardize the language. [1 Related Articles]
- ademi
- (from the article "Native American religions") ...and practiced human shaman. In other traditions, including those of the Makiritare, the master is a supernatural being. The Makiritare believe that the sacred songs (ademi) were ...
- Ademola, Sir Adetokunbo Adegboyega
- Nigerian judge (b. Feb. 1, 1906, Abeokuta, Nigeria--d. Jan. 29, 1993, Lagos, Nigeria), was the first indigenous chief justice of the Nigerian Supreme Court (1958-72) and a cofounder of the ...
- Aden
- city of Yemen. It is situated along the north coast of the Gulf of Aden and lies on a peninsula enclosing the eastern side of Al-Tawahi Harbour. The peninsula enclosing ... [4 Related Articles]
- Aden, Gulf of
- deepwater basin that forms a natural sea link between the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea. Named for the seaport of Aden, in southern Yemen, the gulf is situated between ... [2 Related Articles]
- Aden, University of
- (from the article "Yemen") ...Sanaa (founded 1970), established largely with grants from Kuwait, is coeducational and comprises a variety of specialized colleges-e.g., those of agriculture, medicine, commerce, and law. The University of Aden (1975) ...
- Adena culture
- culture of various communities of ancient North American Indians, about 500 BC-AD 100, centred in what is now southern Ohio. Groups in Indiana, Kentucky, West Virginia, and possibly Pennsylvania bear ... [7 Related Articles]
- Adenauer, Konrad
- first chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany; 1949-63), presiding over its reconstruction after World War II. A Christian Democrat and firmly anticommunist, he supported the North Atlantic ... [7 Related Articles]
- Adenet Le Roi
- poet and musician, interesting for the detailed documentary evidence of his career as a household minstrel.
- Adenia
- (from the article "Malpighiales") ...when immature, although the mature fruit has been known to be poisonous. P. incarnata has an ingredient used in sedatives, and the flowers of P. x belotii are used to ...
- adenine
- organic compound belonging to the purine family, occurring free in tea or combined in many substances of biological importance, including the nucleic acids, which govern hereditary characteristics of all cells. [7 Related Articles]
- adenocarcinoma
- (from the article "breast cancer") ...provide a passage for milk (ductal tissue) to the nipple. Cancers of these tissues are called lobular carcinomas and ductal carcinomas. Because these tissues are glandular, both cancers are called ...
- adenochrome
- (from the article "coloration") Adenochrome is a nonproteinaceous pigment that occurs as garnet-red inclusions at high concentrations in the glandular, branchial heart tissues of Octopus bimaculatus. The compound contains small amounts of ferric iron ...
- adenoiditis
- (from the article "childhood disease and disorder") Enlargement of the adenoids (lymphoid tissue in the nasal part of the pharynx) as a result of recurrent infection can result in mouth breathing and a so-called adenoidal facial appearance, ...
- adenoids
- a mass of lymphatic tissue, similar to the (palatine) tonsils, that is attached to the back wall of the nasal pharynx (i.e., the upper part of the throat opening into ... [3 Related Articles]
- adenoma
- (from the article "cancer") Just as adenoma designates a benign tumour of epithelial origin that takes on a glandlike structure, so adenocarcinoma designates a malignant epithelial tumour with ...
- adenosine deaminase deficiency
- (from the article "metabolic disease") Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency results in the accumulation of 2'-deoxyadenosine in the circulating white blood cells (lymphocytes). This, in turn, causes a decreased number of lymphocytes and a drastically increased ...
- adenosine diphosphate
- (from the article "heterocyclic compound") Adenosine monophosphate, diphosphate, and triphosphate (AMP, ADP, and ATP, respectively) are important participants in energy processes in the living cell. Each of the compounds is composed of the nucleotide base ...
- adenosine monophosphate
- (from the article "heterocyclic compound") Adenosine monophosphate, diphosphate, and triphosphate (AMP, ADP, and ATP, respectively) are important participants in energy processes in the living cell. Each of the compounds is composed of the nucleotide base ...
- adenosine phosphosulfate
- (from the article "organosulfur compound") ...in the soil, which is reduced in the cell. In plants and bacteria that utilize sulfate as a source of sulfur, the first step in the reduction process is the ...
- adenosine triphosphatase
- (from the article "cell") An enzyme called sodium-potassium-activated ATPase has been shown to be the sodium-potassium pump, the protein that transports the ions across the cell membrane while splitting ATP. Widely distributed in the ...
- adenosine triphosphate
- energy-carrying molecule found in the cells of all living things. ATP captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes. [39 Related Articles]
- adenovirus
- any virus belonging to the family Adenoviridae. This group of viruses was discovered in the 1950s and includes 6 genera and 47 species (formerly referred to as serotypes) that cause ... [6 Related Articles]
- adenyl cyclase
- (from the article "allosteric control") ...of itself. Other molecules act as activators; i.e., they interact with an enzyme so as to enhance the binding of the substrate to the enzyme, thus enhancing catalytic activity. The ...
- adenylic acid
- (from the article "Embden, Gustav Georg") Embden and his co-workers isolated several intermediate metabolic products from muscle tissue and discovered the important metabolic compound adenyl phosphoric acid, which is more commonly known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ...
- Adeodatus
- (from the article "Augustine, Saint") ...after some soul-searching and apparent idleness, made his way back to his native town of Tagaste. There he passed the time as a cultured squire, looking after his family property, ...
- Adeodatus II
- pope (672-676) who was the first pontiff to date events in terms of his reign, which began with his election on April 11, 672.
- Adequate Intake
- (from the article "nutrition, human") ...requirement of nearly all (97 to 98 percent) healthy persons in a particular life stage. When the EAR, and thus the RDA, cannot be set due to insufficient scientific evidence, ...
- Ader Avion III
- monoplane designed, built, and first tested by the French aeronautical pioneer Clement Ader in 1897. For a table of pioneer aircraft, see history of flight.
- Ader Eole
- monoplane designed, built, and first tested by the French aeronautical pioneer Clement Ader in 1890. For a table of pioneer aircraft, see history of flight.
- Ader, Clement
- self-taught French engineer, inventor, and aeronautical pioneer. [2 Related Articles]
- ADFGVX cipher
- (from the article "cryptology") ...a biliteral cipher) in the ciphertext, which was then encrypted by a final transposition, known as superencryption. One of the most famous field ciphers of all time was a fractionation ...
- Adham Khan
- (from the article "India") ...ability then followed in quick succession. Although not yet his own master, Akbar took a few momentous steps during that period. He conquered Malwa (1561) and marched rapidly to Sarangpur ...
- adhan
- (Arabic: "announcement"), the Muslim call to Friday public worship and to the five daily hours of prayer. It is proclaimed by the muezzin, a servant of the mosque chosen for ... [4 Related Articles]
- adharma
- (from the article "ajiva") ...or "living matter." Ajiva is divided into: (1) akasa, "space," (2) dharma, "that which makes motion possible," (3) adharma, "that which makes rest possible," and (4) pudgala, "matter." Pudgala consists ...
- Adhemar De Chabannes
- Frankish chronicler whose major work, Chronicon Aquitanicum et Francicum ("Chronicle of Aquitaine and France"), traces the history of Aquitaine and of the Franks from the times of the legendary king ... [1 Related Articles]
- Adhemar of Monteil
- French bishop, papal legate, and a leader of the First Crusade. [2 Related Articles]
- Adherbal
- (from the article "Jugurtha") After Micipsa's death in 118, Jugurtha shared the rule of Numidia with Micipsa's two sons, Hiempsal and Adherbal, the first of whom Jugurtha assassinated. When Adherbal was attacked by Jugurtha, ...
- adhering junction
- (from the article "cell") Cells subject to abrasion or other mechanical stress, such as those of the surface epithelia of the skin, have junctions that adhere cells to one another and to the extracellular ...
- adhesion
- (from the article "ice in lakes and rivers") The supercooling of river water, while amounting to only a few hundredths of a degree Celsius or even less, provides the context for the particles to stick to one another, ...
- adhesive
- any substance that is capable of holding materials together in a functional manner by surface attachment that resists separation. "Adhesive" as a general term includes cement, mucilage, glue, and paste-terms ... [10 Related Articles]
- adhesive tissue tape
- (from the article "therapeutics") ...a source of contamination and are used infrequently. Staples permit faster closure of the skin but are less precise than sutures. When the edges can be brought together easily and ...
- adhidaivata
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") ...Advaita (nondualist) Vedanta. The nirukta (etymology) of Yaska, a 5th-century- BC Sanskrit scholar, tells of various attempts to interpret difficult Vedic mythologies: the adhidaivata (pertaining to the deities), the aitihasika ...
- Adhikari, Man Mohan
- Nepalese politician who dedicated most of his adult life to the fight against the monarchy and authoritarian rule; in 1994-95 he served as Nepal's first communist prime minister for about ...
- adhipati-pratyaya
- (from the article "pratyaya") ...(3) the object as a cause (alambana-pratyaya), since the object present in the preceding moment becomes the cause of the mental activity for functioning; and (4) the superior cause (adhipati-pratyaya), ...
- adhiyajna
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") ...scholar, tells of various attempts to interpret difficult Vedic mythologies: the adhidaivata (pertaining to the deities), the aitihasika (pertaining to the tradition), the adhiyajna (pertaining to the sacrifices), and the ...
- Adhruh, arbitration of
- (from the article "fitnah") ...for vengeance on 'Uthman's death and questioned the validity of 'Ali's caliphate. Their confrontation in the Battle of Siffin (657), which the arbitration at Adhruh (659) attempted to resolve, was ...
- Adhur-Narses
- (from the article "Hormizd II") Little is known of Hormizd's reign, although according to one ancient source he executed some members of the Manichaean religion. At Hormizd's death powerful nobles killed his son Adhur-Narses, who ...
- adhyasa
- (from the article "Advaita") Human perception of the unitary and infinite Brahman as the plural and infinite is due to human beings' innate habit of superimposition (adhyasa), by which a thou is ascribed to ...
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