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actuality ... Adamov, Arthur

actuality: (from the article "metaphysics") The key concepts in Aristotelianism are substance, form and matter, potentiality and actuality, and cause. Whatever happens involves some substance or substances; unless there were substances, in the sense of ...
actuary: one who calculates insurance risks and premiums. Actuaries compute the probability of the occurrence of various contingencies of human life, such as birth, marriage, sickness, unemployment, accidents, retirement, and death. ...
actuating device: (from the article "automation") ...process control system generally includes the following: (1) measurement of important process variables such as temperature, flow rate, and pressure, (2) execution of some optimizing strategy, (3) actuation of such ...
actus reus: (from the article "criminal law") It is generally agreed that the essential ingredients of any crime are (1) a voluntary act or omission (actus reus), accompanied by (2) a certain state of mind (mens rea). ...
Acuff, Roy: American vocalist, songwriter, and fiddle player, called the "King of Country Music," who in the mid-1930s reasserted the mournful musical traditions of Southeastern rural whites and became a national radio ... [2 Related Articles]
Acuff-Rose Publishing Company: (from the article "Acuff, Roy") In 1942 he organized Acuff-Rose Publishing Company, the first publishing house exclusively for country music, with songwriter Fred Rose. Following an unsuccessful bid for the Tennessee governorship in 1948, Acuff ...
Aculifera: (from the article "mollusk") ...Amphineura, the former name for a group made up of the Polyplacophora (chitons) and Aplacophora (caudofoveates and solenogasters) within one subphylum, has been replaced by the more appropriate term Aculifera. ...
Acuna, Rosario de: Spanish playwright, essayist, and short-story writer known for her controversial liberal views.
acupuncture: ancient Chinese medical technique for relieving pain, curing disease, and improving general health. It was devised before 2500 BC in China and by the late 20th century was used in ... [5 Related Articles]
Acura NSX: (from the article "materials science") ...1992 with a limited-edition Jaguar sports car that was virtually all aluminum, including the engine, adhesively bonded chassis, and skin. Somewhat less expensive and in full production were Honda's Acura ...
acutance: (from the article "photography, technology of") ...scatter or irradiation within the emulsion (which tends to spread image details) and on the contrast with which the film reproduces fine detail. These effects can be measured physically to ...
acute cystitis: (from the article "cystitis") Acute, or common, cystitis is caused by bacterial infection, frequently as part of a general urinary tract infection (UTI). The mucous membrane of the bladder becomes swollen and red and ...
acute disease: (from the article "alcoholism") Alcohol intoxication produces a wide variety of disturbances of neuromuscular and mental functions and of body chemistry. In addition, the intoxicated person is more liable to accidents and injuries. Alcoholics-who ...
acute glomerulonephritis: (from the article "Bright disease") Acute glomerulonephritis is characterized by severe inflammation, renal (kidney) insufficiency, swelling, increased blood pressure, and severe back pain. Recovery is usually fairly complete after an episode of acute glomerulonephritis, but ...
acute intermittent porphyria: (from the article "metabolic disease") Eight different porphyrias have been identified. One common form is acute intermittent porphyria, which is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase. Symptoms usually arise during adolescence, and ...
acute lymphocytic leukemia: (from the article "blood disease") Acute leukemia is marked by the presence in the blood of immature cells normally not present. In acute lymphocytic anemia (ALL), most frequently seen in children, the cells are immature ...
acute myelogenous leukemia: (from the article "blood disease") ...presence in the blood of immature cells normally not present. In acute lymphocytic anemia (ALL), most frequently seen in children, the cells are immature forms of the lymphatic series of ...
acute pain: (from the article "therapeutics") Acute pain serves a useful function as a protective mechanism that leads to the removal of the source of the pain, whether it be localized injury or infection. Chronic pain ...
acute respiratory distress syndrome of adults: (from the article "respiratory disease") Bacterial or viral pneumonia, exposure of the lung to gases, aspiration of material into the lung (including water in near-drowning episodes), or any generalized septicemia (blood poisoning) or severe lung ...
acute-phase protein: (from the article "immune system") ...In addition to raising body temperature, the interleukins stimulate liver cells to secrete increased amounts of several different proteins into the bloodstream. These proteins, collectively called acute-phase proteins, bind to ...
acute-phase response: (from the article "immune system") When the body is invaded by a pathogen, macrophages release the protein signals interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) to help fight the infection. One of their effects is to raise ...
acyclic diene: (from the article "olefin") ...basis for the extensive petrochemicals industry. Most uses of these compounds involve reactions of the double bond with other chemical agents. Acyclic diolefins, also known as acyclic dialkenes, or acyclic ...
acyclic monoolefin: (from the article "olefin") Acyclic monoolefins have the general formula C_nH_2n, C being a carbon atom, H a hydrogen atom, and n an integer. They are rare in nature but are formed in large ...
acyclic monoterpene: (from the article "isoprenoid") ...points in the range of 150 to 185 °C (300 to 365 °F). Purification is usually achieved by fractional distillation at reduced pressures or by regeneration from a crystalline derivative. ...
acyclovir: (from the article "drug") ...viral DNA is transferred to the nucleus and transcribed into viral mRNA for the viral proteins. Drugs that are effective against herpesviruses interfere with DNA replication. The nucleoside analogs (acyclovir ...
acyl azide: (from the article "azide") ...or an organic derivative in which the hydrogen atom of hydrazoic acid is replaced by a hydrocarbon group as in alkyl or aryl azide (RN₃), or by an acyl (carboxylic ...
acyl chloride: (from the article "carboxylic acid") The easiest acid derivatives to hydrolyze are acyl chlorides, which require only the addition of water. Carboxylic acid salts are converted to the corresponding acids instantaneously at room temperature simply ...
acyl halide: (from the article "carboxylic acid") Acyl halidesacid halidesacid halide...of hydroxyl groups by halogen atoms. The most important organic acid halides are the chlorides derived from ...
acyl-carrier protein: (from the article "metabolism") Malonyl coenzyme A and a molecule of acetyl coenzyme A react (in bacteria) with the sulfhydryl group of a relatively small molecule known as acyl-carrier protein (ACP-SH); in higher organisms ...
acylating agent: (from the article "amine") ...out under conditions that favour the conversion of primary amines to isocyanates: RNH₂+ COCl₂→ RN&doublehorzbond;C&doublehorzbond;O + 2HCl). Isocyanates are themselves acylating agents, of a type that also includes isothiocyanates (RN&doublehorzbond;C&doublehorzbond;S), ...
acylation: (from the article "amine") Acylation is one of the most important reactions of primary and secondary amines; a hydrogen atom is replaced by an acyl group (a group derived from an acid, such as ...
acylcarnitine: (from the article "muscle disease") ...mitochondria for subsequent oxidation. This shuttle requires the fatty acid (acyl) molecule to attach to the carrier molecule carnitine in the presence of the enzyme acylcarnitine transferase. The acylcarnitine that ...
Aczel, Gyorgy: politician, communist ideologist, and the preeminent personality in the cultural policy of the Janos Kadar regime (1956-88) in Hungary.
ad impossibile nemo obligatur: (from the article "applied logic") ...logic, principally in the context of Immanuel Kant's thesis that "ought implies can" (i.e., &implies; O p ⊃ Mp), but also about the theses ad impossibile nemo ...
ad libitum: (from the article "accompaniment") The term obbligato accompaniment came to be applied to accompaniments of this type, as opposed to ad libitum accompaniment, the unessential ornamentation or the optional reduplication of a part, performed ...
ad valorem tax: any tax imposed on the basis of the monetary value of the taxed item. Literally the term means "according to value." Traditionally, most customs and excises had "specific" rates; the ... [1 Related Articles]
Ada: (from the article "computer programming language") Ada was named for Augusta Ada King, countess of Lovelace, who was an assistant to the 19th-century English inventor Charles Babbage, and is sometimes called the first computer programmer. Ada, ...
Ada: city, seat (1907) of Pontotoc county, south-central Oklahoma, U.S. It lies along Clear Boggy Creek, south of the Canadian River, and was named for the daughter of the first postmaster, ...
Ada: (from the article "Anatolia") ...mausoleum was planned by Mausolus himself but was built by his wife and successor, Artemisia II (353-351). Later satraps were the second son Idrieus (351-344), his wife and successor, Ada ...
Ada group: ivory carvings and a group of about 10 illuminated manuscripts, dating from the last quarter of the 8th century, the earliest examples of the art of the Court School of ...
Adab: ancient Sumerian city located south of Nippur (modern Niffer or Nuffar), Iraq. Excavations (1903-04) carried out by the American archaeologist Edgar James Banks revealed buildings dating from as early as ... [2 Related Articles]
adab: Islamic concept that became a literary genre distinguished by its broad humanitarian concerns; it developed during the brilliant height of 'Abbasid culture in the 9th century and continued through the ... [5 Related Articles]
Adachi family: (from the article "Japan") ...among these. Buffeted by economic changes beyond its control, the bakufu began to totter, shaken also by the disputes between the Hojo family and the rival shugo. The Adachi family ...
Adad: weather god of the Babylonian and Assyrian pantheon. The name Adad may have been brought into Mesopotamia toward the end of the 3rd millennium BC by Western (Amorite) Semites. His ... [2 Related Articles]
Adad-nirari I: (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") Still greater successes were achieved by Adad-nirari I (c. 1295-c. 1264). Defeating the Kassite king Nazimaruttash, he forced him to retreat. After that he defeated the kings of Mitanni, first ...
Adad-nirari II: (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") Adad-nirari II (c. 911-891) left detailed accounts of his wars and his efforts to improve agriculture. He led six campaigns against Aramaean intruders from northern Arabia. In two campaigns against ...
Adad-nirari III: (from the article "Jordan") The next invaders were the Assyrians, who under Adadnirari III (811/810-783 BC) overran the eastern part of the country as far as Edom. Revolts against Assyrian rule occurred in the ...
Adad-shum-usur: (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") ...waged war on two fronts at the same time-against Elam and Assyria-ending in the catastrophic invasion and destruction of Babylon by Tukulti-Ninurta I. Not until the time of the kings ...
adage: a saying, often in metaphoric form, that embodies a common observation, such as "If the shoe fits, wear it,'' "Out of the frying pan, into the fire,'' or "Early to ...
adah: (Arabic: "custom"), in Islamic law, a local custom that is given a particular consideration by judicial authorities even when it conflicts with some principle of canon law (Shari'ah); in Indonesia ...
Adair v. the United States: (1908), case in which the U.S. Supreme Court upheld "yellow dog" contracts forbidding workers from joining labour unions. William Adair of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad fired O.B. Coppage for ...
Adair, John: Scottish surveyor and cartographer whose maps established a standard of excellence for his time and probably inspired the early 18th-century surveys of Scotland. Between 1680 and 1686 he completed maps ...
Adair, Red: American firefighter (b. June 18, 1915, Houston, Texas-d. Aug. 7, 2004, Houston), showed remarkable daring and creativity in fighting oil blowouts and fires. He took his first job in the ...
Adair, William: (from the article "Adair v. the United States") (1908), case in which the U.S. Supreme Court upheld "yellow dog" contracts forbidding workers from joining labour unions. William Adair of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad fired O.B. Coppage for ...
Adak: (from the article "Aleutian Islands") ...top fishing ports (particularly of walleye pollock [Theragra chalcogramma]) in the United States, with large fish-processing plants on land and factory ships offshore. Adak (formerly Adak Station) ...
adakite: (from the article "Earth Sciences") A wide-ranging review of adakites by Paterno Castillo of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif., concluded that in using this term, "caution is necessary." The term was first ...
Adal: historic Islamic state of eastern Africa, in the Danakil-Somali region southwest of the Gulf of Aden, with its capital at Harer (now in Ethiopia). Its rivalry with Christian Ethiopia began ... [4 Related Articles]
Adalbero: (from the article "Conrad II") ...with his son remained close, King Henry at times showed independent initiative. He once concluded a separate peace with King Stephen of Hungary and on another occasion gave his oath ...
Adalbero Of Ardennes: archbishop of Reims who, by declaring the Frankish crown to be elective rather than hereditary, paved the way for the accession of Hugh Capet in place of the Carolingian claimant, ... [4 Related Articles]
Adalbert: German archbishop, the most brilliant of the medieval prince bishops of Bremen, and a leading member of the royal administration. [4 Related Articles]
Adalbert: (from the article "Henry V") ...his father's policy of favouring the class of unfree servants known as ministeriales and also the towns, thus provoking the antagonism of the princes. Rebellion soon broke out; Archbishop Adalbert ...
Adalbert: Lombard king of Italy, who shared the throne for 11 years with his father, Berengar II, and after Berengar's exile continued his father's struggle against the German king and Holy ...
Adalbert, Adam, Graf von Neipperg: (from the article "Marie-Louise") In September 1821, following Napoleon's death that May, Marie-Louise married Adam Adalbert, Count von Neipperg, having already borne him two children. Together they governed the duchies more liberally than did ...
Adalbert, Saint: first bishop of Prague to be of Czech origin. [5 Related Articles]
Adam and Eve: in the Judeo-Christian and Islamic traditions, the original human couple, parents of the human race. [17 Related Articles]
Adam and Eve, Feast of: (from the article "Christmas tree") ...Eve was a "paradise tree," a fir tree hung with apples, that represented the Garden of Eden. The Germans set up a paradise tree in their homes on December 24, ...
Adam and Eve, Life of: pseudepigraphal work (a noncanonical writing that in style and content resembles authentic biblical works), one of many Jewish and Christian stories that embellish the account of Adam and Eve as ... [1 Related Articles]
Adam Brothers: three French brothers who sculpted many monuments for the French and Prussian royal residences. They were exponents of a style that employed the textures of shells, corals, and perforated rocks. ...
Adam De La Halle: poet, musician, and innovator of the earliest French secular theatre. [2 Related Articles]
Adam Of Bremen: German historian whose work on the archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen provides valuable information on German politics under the Salian emperors and is also one of the great books of medieval geography. [2 Related Articles]
Adam Qadmon: (from the article "Luria, Isaac ben Solomon") ...the redemption of both the cosmos and history. This event occurs in the stage of tiqqun, in which the divine realm itself is reconstructed, the divine sparks returned to their ...
Adam's apple: (from the article "larynx") ...collapse of the structure. The plates are fastened together by membranes and muscle fibres. The front set of plates, called thyroid cartilage, has a central ridge and elevation commonly known ...
Adam's Bridge: chain of shoals, between the islands of Mannar, near northwestern Sri Lanka, and Rameswaram, off the southeastern coast of India. The bridge is 30 miles (48 km) long and separates ... [1 Related Articles]
Adam's needle: (from the article "yucca") The Joshua tree (Y. brevifolia) has a stem more than 10 m (33 feet) high. Spanish bayonet (Y. aloifolia), Spanish dagger (Y. gloriosa), and Adam's needle, or bear grass (Y. ...
Adam's Peak: mountain in southwestern Sri Lanka (Ceylon), 7,360 feet (2,243 m) high and 11 miles (18 km) northeast of Ratnapura; it is located in the Sri Lanka hill country. Its conical ... [1 Related Articles]
Adam, Adolphe: French composer whose music for the ballet Giselle (1841) is noted for its easy grace and cogency. It has retained its popularity with dancers and audiences to the present day. [1 Related Articles]
Adam, Francois-Gaspard-Balthasar: (from the article "Adam Brothers") ...Louis XV of France and Frederick the Great of Prussia. Nicolas-Sebastien Adam (1705-78) sculptured for Stanislas I Leszczynski, father-in-law of Louis and former king of Poland. Francois-Gaspard-Balthasar Adam (1710-61) was ...
Adam, Henri-Georges: (from the article "tapestry") ...designed by the modern French painter Henri Matisse, for example, has only two pieces, and "Mont-Saint-Michel," woven from a cartoon by the contemporary engraver and sculptor Henri-Georges Adam, is a ...
Adam, James: (from the article "Adam, Robert") ...was losing its appeal, and the public was ready for a new architectural style. Adam lost no time in making his reputation, and by the mid-1760s he had, with the ...
Adam, Karl: (from the article "rowing") ...of the sliding seat (1857 in the United States; 1871 in England), leg drive was added. Later style changes introduced by Steve Fairbairn in 1881 emphasized leg drive and arm ...
Adam, Ken: (from the article "1975: Other Winners") ...Pierson for Dog Day AfternoonAdapted Screenplay: Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman for One Flew over the Cuckoo's NestCinematography: John Alcott for Barry LyndonArt Direction: Ken Adam and Roy Walker for ...
Adam, Lambert-Sigisbert: (from the article "Adam Brothers") three French brothers who sculpted many monuments for the French and Prussian royal residences. They were exponents of a style that employed the textures of shells, corals, and perforated rocks. ...
Adam, Nicolas-Sebastien: (from the article "Adam Brothers") ...a style that employed the textures of shells, corals, and perforated rocks. Lambert-Sigisbert Adam (1700-59) created sculptures for King Louis XV of France and Frederick the Great of Prussia. Nicolas-Sebastien ...
Adam, Paul: French author whose early works exemplify the naturalist and Symbolist schools and who later won a considerable reputation for his historical and sociological novels.
Adam, Robert: Scottish architect and designer who, with his brother James (1730-94), transformed Palladian Neoclassicism in England into the airy, light, elegant style that bears their name. His major architectural works include ... [9 Related Articles]
Adam, William: (from the article "Adam, Robert") Robert was the second son of William Adam, the foremost Scottish architect of his time. William, who as master mason to the Board of Ordnance in North Britain supervised the ...
Adama, Modibbo: (from the article "Adamawa") traditional emirate centred in what is now Adamawa state, eastern Nigeria. The emirate was founded by Modibbo Adama, who was one of Sheikh Usman dan Fodio's commanders and who began ...
adamantine lustre: (from the article "mineral") ...aggregates (examples are fibrous gypsum [CaSO₄ · 2H₂O], known as satin spar, and chrysotile asbestos [Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄]); and adamantine, having the brilliant lustre of diamond, exhibited by minerals with a high ...
Adamawa: state, northeastern Nigeria. It was administratively created in 1991 from the northeastern half of former Gongola state. Adamawa is bordered on the north and northwest by Borno and Bauchi states, ...
Adamawa: traditional emirate centred in what is now Adamawa state, eastern Nigeria. The emirate was founded by Modibbo Adama, who was one of Sheikh Usman dan Fodio's commanders and who began ... [1 Related Articles]
Adamawa languages: (from the article "Adamawa-Ubangi languages") ...As a preliminary hypothesis, therefore, these two groups-Gur and Adamawa-Ubangi-are being linked together as North Volta-Congo. The Adamawa-Ubangi languages are further subdivided into Adamawa and Ubangi subgroups.
Adamawa Plateau: volcanic upland in west-central Africa. Though chiefly in north-central Cameroon, part of the plateau, known as the Gotel Mountains, is in southeastern Nigeria. The plateau is the source of the ... [2 Related Articles]
Adamawa-Ubangi languages: branch of the Niger-Congo language family consisting of 120 languages spoken by approximately 12 million people in an area that stretches from northeastern Nigeria across northern Cameroon, southern Chad, the ... [1 Related Articles]
Adamec, Ladislav: Czech politician failed to prevent the end of communist rule in his country even as he tried to initiate modest reforms as federal prime minister (1988-89). Adamec joined the ...
Adamic, Louis: novelist and journalist who wrote about the experience of American minorities, especially immigrants, in the early 1900s.
Adamkus, Valdas: president of Lithuania (1998-2003 and 2004- ). [6 Related Articles]
Adamnan, Law of: (from the article "Adamnan, Saint") ...in ameliorating the condition of women, particularly by exempting them from military service; he also made regulations protecting children and clerics, and these reforms became known as the Law of ...
Adamnan, Saint: abbot and scholar, particularly noted as the biographer of St. Columba. [2 Related Articles]
Adamnan, The Vision of: in the Gaelic literature of Ireland, one of the earliest and most outstanding medieval Irish visions. This graceful prose work dates from the 10th century and is preserved in the ... [3 Related Articles]
Adamopoulos, Panayotis: (from the article "Greece") ...the investigation. In the first of several trial-fixing cases, a former judge was sentenced in August to 25 years' imprisonment for corruption. The director of the Hellenic Competition Commission, Panayotis ...
Adamov, Arthur: avant-garde writer, a founder and major playwright of the Theatre of the Absurd. [1 Related Articles]